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1、RealismvRealismisappliedbyliterarycriticsintwodiverseways:v1)toidentifyamovementinthewritingofnovelsduringthe19thcenturythatincludedBalzacinFrance,GeorgeEliotinEnglandandWilliamDeanHowellsinAmerica.v2)todesignatearecurrentmode,invariouserasandliteraryf
2、orms,ofrepresentinghumanlifeandexperienceinliterature.FeaturesofRealismvRealisticfictionisoftenopposedtoromanticfiction.vRealisticfictioniswrittentogivetheeffectthatitrepresentslifeandthesocialworldasitseemstothecommonreader,evokingthesensethatitschara
3、ctersmightinfactexist,andthatsuchthingmightwellhappen.vToachievethis,realistsmayormaynotbeselectiveinsubjectmatter,butrendertheirmaterialsinwaysthatmakethemseemtheverystuffofordinaryexperience.AmericanRealismvtoportrayAmericanlifeasitreallywasvThereali
4、stshadwhatHenryJamescalled“apowerfulimpulsetomirrortheunmitigatedrealitiesoflife.”voriginatedinFrance,calledfor“realityandtruth”vfirstappearedintheliteratureoflocalcolor.v“Nothingmoreandnothinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial”Theinternationalthem
5、eØthemeetingofAmericaandEurope,AmericaninnocenceincontactandcontrastwithEuropeandecadence,anditmoralandpsychologicalcomplicationsLocalColorismØthelate1860sandearlyseventiesØthe1880sØtheturnofthecenturyvFictionorversewhichemphasizesitssetting,beingconce
6、rnedwiththecharacterofadistrictorofanera,asmarkedbyitscustoms,landscape,costumes,dialect,orotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingculturalinfluences.NaturalismnAnewandharsherrealism,anoutgrowthof19thcenturyscientificthought,andstemsfromFrenchlit
7、erature.nnaturalistsattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.NaturalistbeliefsnMendevoidofthefreedomofchoiceareincapableofshapingtheirowndestinies;nM
8、enarehelplessandinsignificantinacoldandindifferentworld;nMen’slackofdignityinfaceofenvironmentandheredityAmericanNaturalismnithadbeenshapedbythewar,bythesocialupheavalsthatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage,andbythedisturbingtea
