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1、1.AmericanPuritanism:PuritanismisthepracticesandbriefsofthePuritans.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopurifytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.TheAmericanPuritans,liketheirbrothersbackinEngland,wereidealists,believingthatthechurchshouldberestoredtocomplete“purity”.Theyacc
2、eptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod.Butinthegrimstruggleforsurvival,theybecamemoreandmorepracticalandbuiltawayoflifethatstressedhardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety.Sotheywerepracticalidealists.
3、Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmindandAmericanliteratureasConfucianismdidonChinese.ItencouragedAmericansfightingthebadandharshcondition.TheAmericanPuritan’smetaphoricalmodewaschieflyusedintheAmericanliterarysymbolism.Thiskindofpurita
4、nmindsformedpartoftheintellectualtradition.Somewriters,suchas,Hawthorne,Melville,Howells,wereveryskillfulatsymbolism.Anotherinfluenceonliteratureissimplicity.Sotheirwritingstyleisfresh,simpleanddirect.2.Alliteration:Therepetitionofsimilarsounds,usuallyconsonantsorconsonantc
5、lusters,inagroupofwords.Sometimesthetermislimitedtotherepetitionofinitialconsonantsounds.Whenalliterationoccursatthebeginningofwords,itiscalledinitialalliteration;whenitoccurswithinwords,itiscalledinternalorhiddenalliteration.Itusuallyoccursonstressedsyllables.Althoughallit
6、erationsometimesappearsinprose,itismainlyapoeticdevice.Likeotherformsofsoundrepetition,alliterationinpoetryservestwoimportantpurposes:itispleasingtotheear,anditemphasizesthewordsinwhichitoccurs.Awell-knownexampleofalliterationisthislinefromSamuelTaylorColeridge’s“KublaKhan”
7、:“Fivemilesmeanderingwithamazymotion.”AlliterationisanimportantpoeticdeviceinAnglo-Saxonpoetrywhereitgenerallyoccursonthreeofthefourstressedsyllablesinaline.SomethingofthealliterativeeffectcanbeseeninthislinefromBeowulf:“Andtheheathen’sonlyhope,Hell.”3.Symbolism:Itisthewrit
8、ingtechniqueofusingsymbols.Asymbolissomethingthatconveystwokindsofmeaning;itissimp
