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1、AmericanNaturalism（自然主义）Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism,andlikerealism,ithadcomefromEurope.NaturalismwasanoutgrowthofRealismthatrespondedtotheoriesinscience,psychology,humanbehaviorandsocialthoughtcurrentinthelatenineteenthcentury.Inthelastdecadeofthenineteenthcentury,withthed
2、evelopmentofindustryandmodernscience,intelligentmindsbegantoseethatmanwasnolongerafreeethicalbeinginacold,indifferentandessentiallyGodlessuniverse.Inthischanceworldhewasbothhelplessandhopless.EuropeanwriterslikeEmileZolahadalreadydevelopedthisacutesocialconsciousness.Theysawman’slifeasgo
3、vernedbythetwoforcesofheredityandenvironment,forcesabsolutelybeyondman’scontrol.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar,bythesocialupheavalsthatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage,andbythedisturbingteachingsofDarwinism.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmo
4、raltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Inpresentingextremesoflife,thenaturalistssometimesdisplayedanaffinitytothesensationalismofearlyromanticism,butunliketheirromantic
5、predecessors,thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thatliveswerecontroledbyheredityandenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.ThepessimismanddeterministicideasofnaturalismpervadedtheworksofsuchAmericanwritersasStephenCran
6、e,BenjaminFrankNorris,JackLondonandTheodoreDreiser.EraofModernism（现代主义）Theyearsfrom1910to1930areoftencalledtheEraofModernism,forthereseemstohavebeeninbothEuropeandAmericaastrongawarenessofsomesortof“break”withthepast.Movementsinalltheartsoverlappedandsucceededoneanotherwithamazingspeed.T
7、henewartistssharedadesiretocapturethecomplexityofmodernlife,tofocusonthevarietyandconfusionofthetwentiethcenturybyreshapingandsometimesdiscardingtheideasandhabitsofthenineteenthcentury.TheEraofModernismwasindeedtheeraoftheNew.LostGeneration（迷惘的一代）Thistermshasbeenusedagain
