modern linguistic自考现代语言学

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1、第一章  绪论1/Whatislinguistics?·什么是语言学？·Linguistics isgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.2/Thescopeoflinguistics·语言学的研究范畴·Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalled generallinguistics.(普通语言学)·Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcom

2、munication,iscalled phonetics.[fəˈnetɪks]（语音学）· Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalled phonology.[fəuˈnɔlədʒi]（音系学）· Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalled morphology.[mɔ:ˈfɔlədʒi]（形态学）· Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesisca

3、lled syntax.[ˈsɪnˌtæks]（句法学）· Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalled semantics.[sɪˈmæntɪks]（语义学）· Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalled pragmatics.[præɡˈmætiks]（语用学）· Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalled socio-linguistics.（社会语言学）· Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscall

4、edpsycho-linguistics.（心理语言学）·Thestudyofapplications(astherecoveryofspeechability)isgenerallyknownas appliedlinguistics.（应用语言学）·Butinanarrow([ˈnærəu]adj.狭隘的；狭窄的；)sense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingoffore

5、ignandsecondlanguage.·Otherrelatedbranchesinclude anthropological([ˌænθrəpəˈlɔdʒɪkəl]adj.人类学的)linguistics,（人类语言学） neurological[ˌnjʊərəˈlɔdʒɪkəl]linguistics,（神经语言学） mathematicallinguistics,（数字语言学）and computational[ˌkɔmpju(:)ˈteiʃ(ə)n(ə)l]linguistics.（计算机语言学）3/Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics

6、·语言学研究中的几对基本概念Prescriptive[priˈskriptiv]anddescriptive[dɪˈskrɪptɪv]·描写与规定·Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe descriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobe prescriptive.·Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromt

7、raditionalgrammar.·Traditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.·Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”ornot.Synchronic[siŋˈkrɔnik]anddiachronic[ˌ