英语语言学English Linguistic.doc

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1、Chapter1Introduction1.LinguisticandEnglishLinguisticLinguistic的目的aimsatdevelopingatheorygenerallinguistic一般语言学descriptivelinguistic描述性语言学generallinguistic(一般语言学)为descriptivelinguistic(描述性语言学)提供了framework(框架),这也就是为什么generallinguistic能够被分析和被描述.Generallinguistica

2、nddescriptivelinguisticarecomplementarytoeachother(相互补充).Englishlinguisticisakindofdescriptivelinguistics.2.Thenatureoflanguages(语言的本质)1.languageisasystem2.languageissymbolic3.languageisasystemofvocalsymbolsdeSaussure的理论Thesystemoflanguageiscalledlangue1.langu

3、ageisasystemthespeaker’sspeechiscalledparoleChomsky的理论Competenceisthespeaker-hearer’sknowledgeofhislanguagePerformanceistheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation2.languageissymbolic(语言是象征意义的)3.languageisasystemofvocalsymbols(语言是一种声音符号)语言学侧重研究的是speech不是writtenf

4、ormReason1.Biologically(生物上来讲)儿童学习说比学习读写早得多.2.Functionally(功能上来讲)日常生活中口语使用比书面语频繁的多.3.Historically(历史而言)口头语使用在书面语之前,当今世界有许多语言并没有留下文字记录LanguageisarbitraryLanguageiscreativeLanguageisdouble-structuredLanguageischangeableLanguageisarbitraryalinguisticsymboliscompo

5、sedoftwothingsspeechsound(form)形式andtheidea(meaning)意义LanguageiscreativeLanguageisdouble-structuredgrammatically-meaningfulandsound-meaningless语法上的有意义,声音上的无意义.LanguageischangeableWhatisthenatureofhumanlanguage?Inashort,itisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsTheuniq

6、uefeatureslikecreativity(创造力)dualityofstructure(结构的双重性)changeability(易变性)3.Scientificmethod(科学方法)1.collectingdata(收集数据)2.formingahypothesis(提出假设)3.testingthehypothesis(验证假设)4.drawingconclusions(得出结论)AnimportantprincipleofthescientificmethodObjectivity客观性Threeb

7、iases三种偏见1.somelanguagesareprimitiveandsomelanguagesareadvanced有的语言是原始的有的语言是先进的.2.onlythestandardvarietyisthepureformofalanguage只有标准的语体才是纯正的语言3.changeisnotnaturalforlivinglanguageandsuchachangeisasignofcorruptionanddecay语言变化是不自然的变化,变化是衰败的现象.Sourcesofdata资料的来源C

8、ollectingdata是研究的首要工作.假如这语言学家不懂那门语言,他可以找一个informant(为语言学调查提供资料的当地人)Rulesconstruction语言描述的首要工作是constructrules(drawconclusion)得出结论Howdoesalinguistconstructarule?书本p15页中1.Thegoaloflin