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1、自考《现代语言学》复习讲义一、常考题型1.填空2.单项选择3.判断正误4.解释词语并举例说明对名词解释并举一两个例子进行说明5.回答问题做题要求：用英文进行答题。二、各章节学习要点Chapter1Introduction（绪论）1.Whatislinguistics?1.1Definition（语言学的定义）P.1Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,e.g.,English,Ch
2、inese,Arabic,andLatin,butinlanguageingeneral.1.2TheScopeoflinguistics（语言学的研究范畴）P.2—4Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics(普通语言学).Thisdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy,incontrasttothosebranchesofs
3、tudywhichrelatelinguisticstotheresearchofotherareas.Mainbranchesoflinguistics语言学的主要分支：1）phonetics（语音学）2)phonology（音系学）3)morphology（形态学）4)syntax（句法学）5)semantics（语义学）6)pragmatics（语用学）Thestudyofalltheseaspectsoflanguageformsthecoreoflinguistics.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanofte
4、nbeapplie3dtothesolutionofsuchpracticalproblemsastherecoveryofspeechability.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.Macrolinguistics宏观语言学：1)Psycholingusitcs(心理语言学)；2)Sociolinguistics(社会语言学)；3)Anthropologicallinguistics(人类语言学)；4)Computationallinguistics(
5、计算语言学)1.3SomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsP.4—71.3.1Prescriptivevs.descriptive（规定性和描述性）Examples:Don’tsayX.Peopledon’tsayX.Modernlinguistics,i.e.,linguisticstudycarriedoutinthiscenturyismostlydescriptive.1.3.2Synchronicvs.diachronic（共时性和历时性）Inmodernlinguistics,synchronics
6、tudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.1.3.3Speechandwriting（口头语和书面语）Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.1.3.4Langueandparole（语言和言语）ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebytheSwisslingui
7、stF.deSaussureintheearly20thcentury.1.3.5Competenceandperformance（语言能力和语言运用）SimilartoSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleisthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance,whichwasproposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.WhileSaussure’sdistinctionandChomsky’s
8、areverysimilar,theydifferatleastinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewo
