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1、自考《现代语言学》复习讲义一、常考题型1.填空2.单项选择3.判断正误4.解释词语并举例说明对名词解释并举一两个例子进行说明5.回答问题做题要求:用英文进行答题。二、各章节学习要点Chapter1Introduction(绪论)1.Whatislinguistics?1.1Definition(语言学的定义)P.1Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,e.g.,English,Ch
2、inese,Arabic,andLatin,butinlanguageingeneral.1.2TheScopeoflinguistics(语言学的研究范畴)P.2—4Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics(普通语言学).Thisdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy,incontrasttothosebranchesofs
3、tudywhichrelatelinguisticstotheresearchofotherareas.Mainbranchesoflinguistics语言学的主要分支:1)phonetics(语音学)2)phonology(音系学)3)morphology(形态学)4)syntax(句法学)5)semantics(语义学)6)pragmatics(语用学)Thestudyofalltheseaspectsoflanguageformsthecoreoflinguistics.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanofte
4、nbeapplie3dtothesolutionofsuchpracticalproblemsastherecoveryofspeechability.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.Macrolinguistics宏观语言学:1)Psycholingusitcs(心理语言学);2)Sociolinguistics(社会语言学);3)Anthropologicallinguistics(人类语言学);4)Computationallinguistics(
5、计算语言学)1.3SomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsP.4—71.3.1Prescriptivevs.descriptive(规定性和描述性)Examples:Don’tsayX.Peopledon’tsayX.Modernlinguistics,i.e.,linguisticstudycarriedoutinthiscenturyismostlydescriptive.1.3.2Synchronicvs.diachronic(共时性和历时性)Inmodernlinguistics,synchronics
6、tudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.1.3.3Speechandwriting(口头语和书面语)Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.1.3.4Langueandparole(语言和言语)ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebytheSwisslingui
7、stF.deSaussureintheearly20thcentury.1.3.5Competenceandperformance(语言能力和语言运用)SimilartoSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleisthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance,whichwasproposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.WhileSaussure’sdistinctionandChomsky’s
8、areverysimilar,theydifferatleastinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewo