现代语言学--自考大纲

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1、第一章  绪论1/Whatislinguistics?¢什么是语言学？¢Linguistics isgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.2/Thescopeoflinguistics¢语言学的研究范畴¢Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalled generallinguistics.(普通语言学)¢Thestudyo

2、fsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalled phonetics.（语音学）¢ Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalled phonology.（音系学）¢ Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalled morphology.（形态学）¢ Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwo

3、rdsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalled syntax.（句法学）¢ Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalled semantics.（语义学）¢ Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalled pragmatics.（语用学）¢ Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalled socio-linguistics.（社会语言学）¢ Thestudyoflanguagewithr

4、eferencetotheworkingofmindiscalledpsycho-linguistics.（心理语言学）¢Thestudyofapplications(astherecoveryofspeechability)isgenerallyknownas appliedlinguistics.（应用语言学）¢Butinanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguagete

5、achingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguage.¢Otherrelatedbranchesinclude anthropologicallinguistics,（人类语言学） neurologicallinguistics,（神经语言学） mathematicallinguistics,（数字语言学）and computationallinguistics.（计算机语言学）3/Someimportantdistinctionsinlin

6、guistics¢语言学研究中的几对基本概念Prescriptiveanddescriptive¢描写与规定¢Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe descriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobe prescriptive.¢Modernlinguis

7、ticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.¢Traditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.¢Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”ornot.Synchronicanddiachronic¢共时和历时¢Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepoin

8、tintimeisa synchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa diachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.Speechandwriting¢口头语与