现代语言学--自考大纲

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1、第一章  绪论1/Whatislinguistics?¢什么是语言学？¢Linguistics isgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.2/Thescopeoflinguistics¢语言学的研究范畴¢Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalled generallinguistics.(普通语言学)¢Thestudyofsound

2、s,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalled phonetics.（语音学）¢ Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalled phonology.（音系学）¢ Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalled morphology.（形态学）¢ Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombin

3、edtoformsentencesiscalled syntax.（句法学）¢ Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalled semantics.（语义学）¢ Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalled pragmatics.（语用学）¢ Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalled socio-linguistics.（社会语言学）¢ Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworki

4、ngofmindiscalledpsycho-linguistics.（心理语言学）¢Thestudyofapplications(astherecoveryofspeechability)isgenerallyknownas appliedlinguistics.（应用语言学）¢Butinanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especi

5、allytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguage.¢Otherrelatedbranchesinclude anthropologicallinguistics,（人类语言学） neurologicallinguistics,（神经语言学） mathematicallinguistics,（数字语言学）and computationallinguistics.（计算机语言学）3/Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics¢语言学研究中的几对基本概念Prescrip

6、tiveanddescriptive¢描写与规定¢Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe descriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobe prescriptive.¢Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.¢T

7、raditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.¢Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”ornot.Synchronicanddiachronic¢共时和历时¢Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisa synchronicstudy;thedescriptiono

8、falanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa diachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.Speechandwriting¢口头语与