public access to seeds and the human right to adequate food文档

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1、Chapter6SevenPUBLICACCESSTOSEEDSANDTHEHUMANRIGHTTOADEQUATEFOODMarcJ.CohenInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute,Washington,D.C.,USAAnithaRamannaUniversityofPune,IndiaMarchApril2,2007JanuaryFebruary2205,2007I.IntroductionII.ImportanceofPublicAccesstoPlantGeneticResourcesinRealizingtheHumanRight

2、toAdequateFoodIII.Agriculture,Seeds,andtheRighttoAdequateFoodIV.NeedtoClarifyInternationalObligationsV.TRIPSandPublicAccesstoSeedsVI.TRIPSvs.Farmers’RightsanditsImplicationsforPublicAccesstoSeedsVII.India’sAttempttoResolvetheConflictVIII.NeedforaGlobalResponseIX.TowardsSolutions:TheInternational

3、TreatyonPlantGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgricultureX.Recommendations53XI.ReferencesXII.AcronymsXIII.AcknowledgementsI.IntroductionThehumanrighttoadequatefoodcannoteffectivelyberealizedwithoutmeasurestoensurepublicaccesstoplantgeneticresourcesthatareembodiedinseeds.Plantgeneticresourcescontainvita

4、linformationthatdeterminesthecharacteristicsofplants.Farmersandplantbreedersrequireaccesstotheseresources,astheyformthebuildingblocksofagriculturalinnovationsuponwhichcontinuedfoodsuppliesdepend.Theworldneedstocontinuouslyincreasecropproductivityandtodevelopnewvarietiestofacecurrentandfuturebiol

5、ogical,environmental,andsociopoliticalstresses.Plantgeneticresourcesarecrucialforsustainablefoodsecurity:theyformthebasisoffarmers’livelihoods,andconsumersinbothrichandpoorcountriesindirectlydependonfarmers’andbreeders’accesstotheseresources.Conservingplantgeneticdiversityisalsoimportantforeffec

6、tiveresponsetohumanitarianemergencies,whichcandestroylocalseedsystems.Plantgeneticresourcesarematerialofplantorigin,includingseedsandothervegetativepropagatingmaterial(shoots,tubers,tissue),thatcontainplantgenes(FAO2001,Article2;seealsoOdek1994).Theseresourcesincludegeneticmaterialfromagricultur

7、alandforagecrops,trees,medicinalandornamentalplants,unexploitedplants,andwildrelatives(KeystoneCentre1990).Sustainableagriculturalgrowthrequiresalargepoolofgeneticresources.Geneticdiversityisfoundinfarmers’cropvarieties,whic