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1、24RightsandSecurityforHumanRightsScepticsVictorTadros*Itmayseemthatthecentralquestiontoaskwhenconsideringthehumanrighttosecurityis: Isthereahumanrighttosecurity,andifsowhatisitssourceandcontent?Thisquestion,though,isunhelpfullyunspecificfortworeasons.First,untiltheobjectof
2、securityisclarified,thescopeofthequestionisunclear.Themainfocusoftherighttosecurityhasbeenonsecurityfromseriouscriminaloffending.Butweoughtalsotobeinterestedinsecurityfromstatewrongdoingandsecurityfromnaturaldisasters.Hence,inadiscussionoftherighttosecurity,wecouldincludef
3、oodsecurity,watersecurity,securityfromdisease,securityofaccommodation,and so on.Secondly,andmoreimportantly,whatthequestionasksdependsonourconcep-tionofhumanrights.Manythinkthathumanrightsarerightsthatwehaveinvirtueofourstatusashuman.Somethinkthathumanrightsaredistinctivei
4、nbeingrightsheldagainststates.Somethinkthathumanrightsaredistinctiveinthatinternationalinterferencewithsovereignstatesispermittedtoenforceonlytheserights.Theoriesofhumanrightsdifferaboutwhichofthesefeaturesareessentialfeaturesofhumanrights.Forreasonsoutlinedlater,I thinkth
5、atthereisnogoodwayofadjudicatingthesedisputes,andthateveniftherewastherewouldbenopointindoingso.Weshouldabandonthephilosophyofhumanrights.Forthisreason,I willnotaimtoanswerthequestionwithwhichI began.Nevertheless,makingprogressontheethicalquestionsthatsomeofthediscussionof
6、thehumanrighttosecurityhasbeenconcernedwithisimportant.I aimtomakemodestprogresswiththesequestionsbydistinguishingbetweendifferentkindsofrights.Thatwillhelptostructureourthinkingabouttherelationshipbetweenrightsanddutieswithrespecttosecurityatnationalandinternationallevels
7、.AsLioraLazarusnotes,therighttosecurityhasbeenunderstoodasbothanega-tiveandapositiveright.1Onthisunderstandingitgroundsbothnegativedutiesnottoharmoraffectothersinvariouswaysandpositivedutiestoprotectothersfrombeingharmedoraffected.Ithinkthattherighttosecurityisbetterunders
8、toodsolelyasapositiveright—thecorrelateoftherightisasetofpositivedutiesofpro-tection.Unde
