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1、27TheContentoftheHumanRightto HealthJonathan WolffThehumanrighttohealthisattractingincreasingattentionfromphilosophers,andarangeofquestionshasbeenasked.Themostfundamentalone,nodoubt,iswhethertherearegoodreasonsforbelievingthatthereisanysuchthing.I havedirectlyaddressedthatquestionelsewhere,1buth
2、eremyconcernissomewhatdifferent,andI addressthefundamentalquestiononlyinmoreindirectfashion.Myaimistocon-sideratypeofcriticismthathastheconclusionthattherecouldnotbe—orperhapsshouldnotbe—ahumanrighttohealth.Thecoreofthatobjectionisthatthereareinsuperabledifficultiesinattemptingtospecifytheconten
3、tofthehumanrighttohealth.Thistypeofobjectionsplitsintotwo.Oneisconceptual;thatthecontentofthehumanrighttohealthcannotbecoherentlyspecified.Thesecondisofamorepracticalnature: whenspecifiedthehumanrighttohealthleadstounattractive,oratleastsub-optimal,healthpolicies.Answeringtheseobjectionsisthetas
4、kofthispaper,andinfactI willarguethatthetwoobjectionsneedtobeansweredtogether.Understandingtheconceptualcoreisnecessarytoanswerthepracticalchallengeanddealingwiththepracticalchallengehelpstospecifytheconceptualcore.IfI amsuc-cessfulthiswouldshowonlythattherecouldbeahumanrighttohealth.Otherargu-m
5、entswouldbeneededtoestablishthat,infact,thereis one.IninternationallawthehumanrighttohealthmakesarelativelysubduedappearanceintheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights(UDHR).Humanbeingsaredeclaredtohavearighttoastandardoflivingadequatetohealth,and,insightfully,arighttovariousotherunderlyingdeterminan
6、tsofhealth,suchasfood,clothing,andhous-ing,butalsomedicalcare.However,thedraftersofthelaterInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights(ICESCR)wentmuchfurther,declaringauniversalrighttothehighestattainablestandardofphysicalandmentalhealth.Indoingthisonehastoadmitthattheydidnotmakethin
7、gseasyfortheirdefenders.For,asOnoraO’Neillhaspressed,whatistobemadeoftheideaofthe‘highestattain-ablestandardofhealth’?ConsideralowresourceenvironmentsuchasruralIndiaorsub-SaharanAfrica.Ifwemeanthegloballyhighestattainablesta
