The human microbiome at the interface of health and disease

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1、REVIEWSAPPLICATIONSOFNEXT-GENERATIONSEQUENCINGThehumanmicrobiome:attheinterfaceofhealthanddiseaseIlseungCho1,2andMartinJ. Blaser1,2,3,4Abstract

2、Interestintheroleofthemicrobiomeinhumanhealthhasburgeonedoverthepastdecadewiththeadventofnewtechnologiesforinterrogatingcomplexmicrobialcommunities.Thela

3、rge-scaledynamicsofthemicrobiomecanbedescribedbymanyofthetoolsandobservationsusedinthestudyofpopulationecology.Decipheringthemetagenomeanditsaggregategeneticinformationcanalsobeusedtounderstandthefunctionalpropertiesofthemicrobialcommunity.Boththemicrobiomeandmetagenomeprobablyhaveimportantfuncti

4、onsinhealthanddisease;theirexplorationisafrontierinhumangenetics.Untilrecently,thepropertiesofthemicrobiotaofhumanssystemswithstrongphenotypesisessentialformak-MicrobiotaThemicrobialorganismsthat(formerlycalled‘thenormalflora’)werelargelyablackingprogressinthisfieldofappliedgenetics.Althoughconst

5、itutethemicrobiome.Thebox.Cultivationin vitro,whichhasbeenthecornerstoneafocusonbacteriaisimportant,inquiriesaimedatcompositionofthemicrobiotaofmicrobiologysincethenineteenthcentury,cannotbearchaea,virusesandretrovirusesarealso needed.inacommunitycanvaryappliedtomanyofthemostdenselypopulatedmicro

6、-ThepurposeofthisReviewistodevelopthetheoreti-substantiallybetweenbialcommunities1.However,DNA-basedanalyseshavecalbasisforinvestigatinghowmicrobiomecompositionenvironmentalsites,amonghostnichesandbetweenexpandedourhorizonbygeneratingenormousnewdataandfunctionaffecthumanhealth.Weprovideexampleshe

7、althanddisease.setsthatcanbeminedforinformationonthecomposi-ofapplyingthisknowledgetobetterunderstandhumantionandfunctionalpropertiesofvastlygreaternumbershealth,andwediscusshowmicrobiomechangescouldofmicrobialcommunities.Forexample,theHumanalterhost–microbiomeinteractionstomitigatedisease.Microb

8、iomeProject(HMP)2bytheUSNationalInstitutesWealsoconsiderthenextstepsinthedevelopmentofofHealthhasproduceda2.3terabyte16Sribosomalthisfield,particularlyregardingtheneedtofocusontheRNAmetagenomicdatasetofover35billionrea