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1、INSIGHTFEATURENATURE
2、Vol449
3、18October2007
4、doi:10.1038/nature06244TheHumanMicrobiomeProjectPeterJ.Turnbaugh,RuthE.Ley,MicahHamady,ClaireM.Fraser-Liggett,RobKnight&JeffreyI.GordonAstrategytounderstandthemicrobialcomponentsofthehumangeneticandmetaboliclandscapeandhowtheycontributetonormalphysiologya
5、ndpredispositiontodisease.BeforetheHumanGenomeProjectwascompleted,someresearchersEcologyandconsiderationsofscalepredictedthat~100,000geneswouldbefound.So,manyweresurprisedQuestionsaboutthehumanmicrobiomearenewonlyintermsoftheandperhapshumbledbytheannouncementthatthehumangenomesystemtowhichtheyapp
6、ly.Similarquestionshaveinspiredandcon-containsonly~20,000protein-codinggenes,notmuchdifferentfromfoundedecologistsworkingonmacroscaleecosystemsfordecades.thefruitflygenome.However,iftheviewofwhatconstitutesahumanItisexpectedthattheHMPwilluncoverwhethertheprinciplesofisextended,thenitisclearthat10
7、0,000genesisprobablyanunder-ecology,gleanedfromstudiesofthemacroscopicworld,applytotheestimate.Themicroorganismsthatliveinsideandonhumans(knownmicroscopicworldthathumansharbour(seepage811).Inparticular,asthemicrobiota)areestimatedtooutnumberhumansomaticandthefollowingquestionsmightbeansweredbythe
8、HMP.Howstablegermcellsbyafactoroften.Together,thegenomesofthesemicrobialandresilientisanindividual’smicrobiotathroughoutonedayandsymbionts(collectivelydefinedasthemicrobiome)providetraitsthatduringhisorherlifespan?Howsimilararethemicrobiomesbetween1humansdidnotneedtoevolveontheirown.Ifhumansareth
9、oughtmembersofafamilyormembersofacommunity,oracrosscom-ofasacompositeofmicrobialandhumancells,thehumangeneticmunitiesindifferentenvironments?Doallhumanshaveanidentifi-landscapeasanaggregateofthegenesinthehumangenomeandtheable‘core’microbiome,andifso,howisitacquiredandtransmitted?microbiome,andhum
10、anmetabolicfeaturesasablendofhumanandWhataffectsthegeneticdiversityofthemicrobiome(Fig.1),andhowmicrobialtraits,thenthepicturethatemergesisoneofahuman‘supra-doesthisdiversityaffectadaptationbythemicroorganismsandtheorg