【SPECIALS】Innovations in the Microbiome

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1、INSIDES3ThePeacekeepersTheMicrobesWithinAmidthetrillionsofmicrobesthatliveintheintestines,scientistshavefoundafewspeciesthatseemtoplayakeyroleANTONYVANLEEUWENHOEKWROTETOinkeepingushealthy.theRoyalSocietyofLondoninaletterdatedByMoisesVelasquez-ManoffSeptember17,1683,describing“verylittle

2、animalcules,veryprettilya-moving,”whichheS13ThinkingfromtheGutThemicrobiomemayyieldanewhadseenunderamicroscopeinplaquescrapedclassofpsychobioticsforthetreatmentfromhisteeth.Formorethanthreecenturiesofanxiety,depressionandotheraftervanLeeuwenhoek’sobservation,themooddisorders.human“micro

3、biome”—the100trillionorsoByCharlesSchmidtmicrobesthatliveinvariousnooksandcranniesofthehumanbody—remainedlargelyunstud-EXPERTCOMMENTARIES:ied,mainlybecauseitisnotsoeasytoextractandculturetheminalaboratory.Adecadeagotheadventofsequencingtech-S5WhyMicrobiomeTreatmentsCouldPayOffSoonnologi

4、esfinallyopenedupthismicrobiologicalfrontier.TheHumanMicro-EffectiveinterventionsmaycomebiomeProjectreferencedatabase,establishedin2012,revealedinunprece-beforealltheresearchisin.denteddetailthediversemicrobialcommunitythatinhabitsourbodies.ByRobKnightMostliveinthegut.Theyarenotfreeload

5、ersbutratherperformmanyfunctionsvitaltohealthandsurvival:theydigestfood,produceanti-S7TheGene-MicrobeLinkinflammatorychemicalsandcompounds,andtraintheimmunesystemtoEvidencethatgenesshapethedistinguishfriendfromfoe.Revelationsabouttheroleofthehumanmicrobiomemaypointtonewtreatmentsmicrobi

6、omeinourliveshavebeguntoshakethefoundationsofmedicineforcommondiseases.andnutrition.Leadingscientists,includingthosewhoseworkandopin-ByRuthE.Leyionsarefeaturedinthepagesthatfollow,nowthinkofhumansnotasself-S10MicrobiomeEngineeringsufficientorganismsbutascomplexecosystemscolonizedbynumer

7、ousSyntheticbiologymayleadtothecollaboratingandcompetingmicrobialspecies.Fromthisperspective,creationofsmartmicrobesthatcanhumanhealthisaformofecologyinwhichcareforthebodyalsoinvolvesdetectandtreatdisease.tendingitsteemingpopulationofresidentanimalcules.ByJustinL.SonnenburgThis