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1、•••1•••THEGROWTHOFHUMANISMIFONEWORDcouldcharacterizetheentirehistoryofChinesephiloso-phy,thatwordwouldbehumanism—notthehumanismthatdeniesorslightsaSupremePower,butonethatprofessestheunityofmanandHeaven.Inthissense,humanismhasdominatedChinesethoughtfromthed
2、awnofitshistory.Humanismwasanoutgrowth,notofspeculation,butofhistoricalandsocialchange.TheconquestoftheShang(1751-1112B.C.)bytheChouin1111B.C.inauguratedatransitionfromtribalsocietytofeudal.Toconsolidatetheempire,theChouchallengedhumaningenuityandability,c
3、ultivatednewtradesandtalents,andencouragedthedevelop-mentofexpertsfromalllevelsofsociety.Prayersforrainweregraduallyreplacedbyirrigation.Ti,formerlythetribalLord,becametheGodforall.Manandhisactivitiesweregivengreaterimportance.Thetimefinallyarrivedwhenasla
4、vebecameaprimeminister.Humanism,ingradualascendance,reacheditsclimaxinConfucius.HavingoverthrowntheShang,foundersoftheChouhadtojustifytheirrighttorule.Consequently,theydevelopedthedoctrineoftheMandateofHeaven,aself-existentmorallawwhoseconstant,reliablefac
5、torwasvirtue.Accordingtothisdoctrine,man'sdestiny—bothmortalandimmortal—depended,notupontheexistenceofasoulbeforebirthorafterdeathnoruponthewhimofaspiritualforce,butuponhisowngoodwordsandgooddeeds.TheChouasserted,therefore,thattheShang,thoughtheyhadreceive
6、dthemandatetorule,hadforfeiteditbecausetheyfailedintheirduties.ThemandatethenpassedontothefoundersofChou,whodeserveditbecauseoftheirvirtue.Obviously,thefutureofthehouseofChoudependeduponwhetherfuturerulerswerevirtuous.Theideathatthedestinyofmanorthefutureo
7、fadynastydependeduponvirtueratherthanuponthepleasureofsomemysterious,spiritualpowermarkedaradicaldevelopmentfromtheShangtotheChou.(Sig-nificantly,thetermte[virtue]isnotfoundintheoraclebonesonwhichShangideasandeventsarerecorded,butitisakeywordinearlyChoudoc
8、uments.)DuringtheShang,theinfluenceofspiritualbeingsonmanhadbeenalmosttotal,fornoimportantthingcouldbedonewithoutfirstseekingtheirapproval,butintheChou(1111-249B.C.)theirdwell-ingplaceswereregulatedbytheruler
