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1、•••2•••THEHUMANISMOFCONFUCIUSCONFUCIUS(551-479B.C.)cantrulybesaidtohavemoldedChinesecivilizationingeneral.Itmayseemfar-fetched,however,tosaythathemoldedChinesephilosophyinparticular—thathedeterminedthedirectionorestablishedthepatternoflaterChinesephilosophicalde-velopments—yetthereismoretruthinthe
2、statementthanisusuallyrealized.Neo-Confucianism,thefullfloweringofChinesethought,developedduringthelasteighthundredyears.Itsmajortopicsofdebate,especiallyintheSung(960-1279)andMing(1368-1644)periods,arethenatureandprinciple(li)ofmanandthings.(ForthisreasonitiscalledtheSchoolofNatureandPrinciple,or
3、Hsing-lihsüeh.)Supplementarytothesetopicsaretheproblemsofmaterialforce,(ch'i);yinandyang(pas-siveandactivecosmicforcesorelements);T'ai-chi(GreatUltimate);beingandnon-being;substanceandfunction;andtheunityofNatureandman.Confuciushadnothingtodowiththeseproblems,andneverdiscussedthem.Infact,thewordsl
4、i,yin,yang,andt'ai-chiarenotfoundintheLun-yü(DiscoursesorAnalects).Thewordch'iappearsseveraltimes,butisnotusedinthesenseofmaterialforce.1AndConfucius'pupilssaidthattheycouldnotheartheMaster'sviewsonhumannatureandtheWayofHeaven.2Hedidnottalkabouthumannatureexceptonce,whenhesaidthat"bynaturemenareal
5、ike.Throughpracticetheyhavebecomefarapart,"3butthetheoryisentirelydifferentfromthelaterorthodoxdoctrineoftheConfucianschoolthathumannatureisoriginallygood.ThepresentdiscussionisbasedontheAnalects,whichisgenerallyac-ceptedasthemostreliablesourceofConfucius'doctrines.Thesubjectof"theinvestigationoft
6、hings"originatedintheGreatLearningandmostoftheothertopicsarementionedintheBookofChanges.4ButthesetwoClassicsarenotgenerallyregardedasConfucius'ownworks.Fur-thermore,eveniftheywere,thesubjectsareonlybrieflymentionedwithoutelaboration.ItiscorrectthentosaythattheNeo-Confucianistsdrewtheirinspirationf
7、romthemormadeuseofthemtosupporttheir1Analects,8:4;10:4and8;16:7.Intherestofthisintroduction,referencestotheAnalectsaregivenonlyinspecificcases.Forreferencesongeneralsubjects,seetheanalyticallistattheendofthisintr
