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1、HumanismHumanismisagroupofphilosophiesandethicalperspectiveswhichemphasizethevalueandagencyofhumanbeings,individuallyandcollectively,andgenerallyprefersindividualthoughtandevidence(rationalism,empiricism)overestablisheddoctrineorfaith(fideism).Thetermhumanismcanbeambi
2、guouslydiverse,andtherehasbeenapersistentconfusionbetweenseveralrelatedusesofthetermbecausedifferentintellectualmovementshaveidentifiedwithitovertime.[1]Inphilosophyandsocialscience,humanismreferstoaperspectivethataffirmssomenotionofa"humannature"(contrastedwithanti-h
3、umanism).Inmoderntimes,manyhumanistmovementshavebecomestronglyalignedwithsecularism,withthetermHumanismoftenusedasabywordfornon-theisticbeliefsaboutideassuchasmeaningandpurpose;however,manyearlyhumanists,suchasUlrichvonHutten,astrongsupporterofMartinLutherandtheReform
4、ation,werereligious.Beforethewordwasassociatedwithsecularism现世主义,GermanhistorianandphilologistGeorgVoigtusedhumanismin1856todescribethemovementthatflourishedintheItalianRenaissancetoreviveclassicallearning;thisdefinitionwonwideacceptance.[2]DuringtheRenaissanceperiodi
5、nWesternEurope,humanistmovementsattemptedtodemonstratethebenefitofgaininglearningfromclassical,pre-Christiansourcesinandofthemselves,orforsecularendssuchaspoliticalscienceandrhetoric.Theword"humanist"derivesfromthe15th-centuryItaliantermumanistadescribingateacherorsch
6、olarofclassicalGreekandLatinliteratureandtheethicalphilosophybehindit,includingtheapproachtothehumanities.[3][4]DuringtheFrenchRevolution,andsoonafterinGermany(bytheLeftHegelians),humanismbegantorefertophilosophiesandmoralitycentredonhumankind,withoutattentiontoanynot
7、ionsofthedivine.Religioushumanismdevelopedasmoreliberalreligiousorganisationsevolvedinmorehumanisticdirections.Religioushumanismintegrateshumanistethicalphilosophywiththeritualsandbeliefsofsomereligions,althoughreligioushumanismstillcentresonhumanneeds,interests,andab
8、ilities.[5]Astheethicalmovementbeganusingthewordinthe1930s,theterm"humanism"becameincreasinglyassociatedwithphilosophicalnat
