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1、38WhythereCannotbeaTrulyKantianTheoryofHuman RightsAndreaSangiovanniManyhumanrightsadvocatesseekinspirationinKant,whichexplainswhyrefer-encestoKantarelegionintheliteratureonhumanrights.Indeed,itiscommonlyarguedthatthemostpromisingfoundationsonwhichtoconstructasecularaccountofhuman
2、rightsaretobefoundinKant.I shallposeachallengetothisidea,argu-ingthattherecanbenotrulyKantiantheoryofhumanrights.AnycarefulreadingofKantwillrevealhimtobenotjustindifferenttohumanrightsclaimsbutactivelyskepticalof them.Afewpreliminaries.First,by‘trulyKantian’,Idonotmeanthattherecan
3、benophilosophicaltheoryofhumanrightsthathasKantianelements,orthatgrowsoutofsomepartofKant’sopus.WhatImeanisthattherecanbenodefenseofaKantiantheoryofhumanrightsthatremainsfaithfultothreeconstituentplanksofKant’spracticalphilosophy,namely,(1)Kant’sdivisionbetweenthedomainofmoralitya
4、ndthedomainofright,(2)Kant’sargumentsforourmoralobligationtoexitthestateofnature,and(3)Kant’sargumentsforunitarysovereignty.Thisleavesopen,ofcourse,foraless‘truly’Kantiantheoryofhumanrightsthatdropsoneormoreofhisargu-mentsforeachofthesecentraltenets.Butsuchatheorywillnotbefaithful
5、toKant,forwhomthethreetenetsstandattheverycoreofhispracticalphilosophy.Inthisvolume,KatrinFlikschuhwrites:‘itcanbegenuinelyupsetting—philosophically,notpsychologically—toseegreatworksinthehistoryofphilosophyransackedforthisorthattitbittobeusedinordertopatchupajustificatorygapinsom
6、econtemporarytheorythatbearslittleresemblancetothepositionfromwhichtheitemislifted’.1Thisstrikesmeasausefulreminderthat,ifwearetodrawinsightsfromthehistoryofpoliticalthought,wehadbettertrytogetthathistoryright,ratherthantoprojectourownconcernsontoit.Thisiswhythequestionwhichgivest
7、hischapteritspurposeis,Ibelieve,animportantonetoanswer.Second,IalsoneedtosaysomethingaboutwhatIintendby‘humanrights’toavoidmisunderstanding.Whateverelsetheyare,humanrightsarecriticalmoralstandardsthat(a)are‘abovepolitics’,(b)trackviolationsofgreatmoralurgency,and(c)(protanto)licen
8、sesomeformofdirectexternalactiono
