a-theory-of-human-motivation.pdf

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1、www.all-about-psychology.comPresentsATheoryofHumanMotivationA.H.Maslow(1943)(OriginallypublishedinPsychologicalReview50,370-396)I.INTRODUCTIONInapreviouspaper(13)variouspropositionswerepresentedwhichwouldhavetobeincludedinanytheoryofhumanmotivationthatcouldlayclaimto

2、beingdefinitive.Theseconclusionsmaybebrieflysummarizedasfollows:1.Theintegratedwholenessoftheorganismmustbeoneofthefoundationstonesofmotivationtheory.2.Thehungerdrive(oranyotherphysiologicaldrive)wasrejectedasacenteringpointormodelforadefinitivetheoryofmotivation.Any

3、drivethatissomaticallybasedandlocalizablewasshowntobeatypicalratherthantypicalinhumanmotivation.3.Suchatheoryshouldstressandcenteritselfuponultimateorbasicgoalsratherthanpartialorsuperficialones,uponendsratherthanmeanstotheseends.Suchastresswouldimplyamorecentralplac

4、eforunconsciousthanforconsciousmotivations.4.Thereareusuallyavailablevariousculturalpathstothesamegoal.Thereforeconscious,specific,local-culturaldesiresarenotasfundamentalinmotivationtheoryasthemorebasic,unconsciousgoals.5.Anymotivatedbehavior,eitherpreparatoryorcons

5、ummatory,mustbeunderstoodtobeachannelthroughwhichmanybasicneedsmaybesimultaneouslyexpressedorsatisfied.Typicallyanacthasmorethanonemotivation.6.Practicallyallorganismicstatesaretobeunderstoodasmotivatedandasmotivating.7.Humanneedsarrangethemselvesinhierarchiesofpre-p

6、otency.Thatistosay,theappearanceofoneneedusuallyrestsonthepriorsatisfactionofanother,morepre-potentneed.Manisaperpetuallywantinganimal.Alsononeedordrivecanbetreatedasifitwereisolatedordiscrete;everydriveisrelatedtothestateofsatisfactionordissatisfactionofotherdrives.

7、8.Listsofdriveswillgetusnowhereforvarioustheoreticalandpracticalreasons.Furthermoreanyclassificationofmotivationsmustdealwiththeproblemoflevelsofspecificityorgeneralizationthemotivestobeclassified.9.Classificationsofmotivationsmustbebasedupongoalsratherthanuponinstig

8、atingdrivesormotivatedbehavior.10.Motivationtheoryshouldbehuman-centeredratherthananimal-centered.11.Thesituationorthefieldinwhicht