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1、HOII:(/Hlllll/flilofScicliIisisOb'C/lrrd,1,1'Trll,h0111.~Rllr.~fro",7i)I)(fl'roSmoketoClo/wlWarmillgMerharsofDUBTMERCHANTSOFDOUBTHowaHandfULofScientistsObscuredtheTruthonIssuesfromTobaccoSmoketoGlobalWarmingNAOMIORESKESandERIKM.CONWAYBLOOMSBURYPRESSNewYork.Berlin.LondonCopyri

2、ght©2010byNaomiOreskesandErikM.ConwayAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybeusedorreproducedinanymannerwhatsoeverwithoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisherexceptinthecaseofbriefquotationsembodiedincriticalarticlesorreviews.ForinformationaddressBloomsburyPress,175FifthAvenue,New

3、York,NYIOOlO.PublishedbyBloomsburyPress,NewYorkAllpapersusedbyBloomsburyPressarenatural,recyclableproductsmadefromwoodgrowninwell-managedforests.Themanufacturingprocessesconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthecountryoforigin.LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATIONDATAOre

4、skes,Naomi.Merchantsofdoubt:howahandfulofscientistsobscuredthetruthonissuesfromtobaccosmoketoglobalwarming/NaomiOreskesandErikM.ConwaY.-Istu.s.ed.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN:978-I-5969I-6IO-4(alk.paperhardcover)1.Scientists-Professionalethics.2.Science

5、news-Moralandethicalaspects.3-Democracyandscience.I.Conway,ErikM.,I965-II.Title.QI47.0742010I74'·95-dC222009043183Firstu.S.edition20IOI3579IO8642TypesetbyWestchesterBookGroupPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyWorldcolorFairfieldToHannahandClaraIt'sinyourhandsnow.Thisgeneratio

6、nhasalteredthecompositionoftheatmos•phereonaglobalscalethrough...asteadyincreaseincar•bondioxidefromtheburningoffossilfuels.-LYNDONJOHNSONSPECIALMESSAGETOCONGRESS,1965ThetroublewithAmericansisthattheyhavelitreadtheminutesofthepreviousmeeting.-ADLAISTEVENSONContentsIntroductio

7、n1I.DoubtIsOurProduct102.StrategicDefense,PhonyFacts,andtheCreationoftheGeorgeC.MarshallInstitute363·SowingtheSeedsofDoubt:AcidRain664·ConstructingaCounternarrative:TheFightovertheOzoneHole1075·What'sBadScience?WhoDecides?TheFightoverSecondhandSmoke1366.TheDenialofGlobalWarmi

8、ng1697·DenialRidesAgain:TheRevisionistAttackonRachelCarson216Conclus