A.H.Maslow.-.Theory.of.Human.Motivation.(1943)

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1、ATHEORYOFHUMANMOTIVATION1ATheoryofHumanMotivationByA.H.MaslowATHEORYOFHUMANMOTIVATION2ATheoryofHumanMotivationA.H.Maslow(1943)OriginallyPublishedinPsychologicalReview,50,370-396.[p.370]I.INTRODUCTIONInapreviouspaper(13)variouspropositionswerepresentedwhichwouldhavetobe

2、includedinanytheoryofhumanmotivationthatcouldlayclaimtobeingdefinitive.Theseconclusionsmaybebrieflysummarizedasfollows:1.Theintegratedwholenessoftheorganismmustbeoneofthefoundationstonesofmotivationtheory.2.Thehungerdrive(oranyotherphysiologicaldrive)wasrejectedasacent

3、eringpointormodelforadefinitivetheoryofmotivation.Anydrivethatissomaticallybasedandlocalizablewasshowntobeatypicalratherthantypicalinhumanmotivation.3.Suchatheoryshouldstressandcenteritselfuponultimateorbasicgoalsratherthanpartialorsuperficialones,uponendsratherthanmea

4、nstotheseends.Suchastresswouldimplyamorecentralplaceforunconsciousthanforconsciousmotivations.4.Thereareusuallyavailablevariousculturalpathstothesamegoal.Thereforeconscious,specific,local-culturaldesiresarenotasfundamentalinmotivationtheoryasthemorebasic,unconsciousgoa

5、ls.5.Anymotivatedbehavior,eitherpreparatoryorconsummatory,mustbeunderstoodtobeachannelthroughwhichmanybasicneedsmaybeATHEORYOFHUMANMOTIVATION3simultaneouslyexpressedorsatisfied.Typicallyanacthasmorethanonemotivation.6.Practicallyallorganismicstatesaretobeunderstoodasmo

6、tivatedandasmotivating.7.Humanneedsarrangethemselvesinhierarchiesofpre-potency.Thatistosay,theappearanceofoneneedusuallyrestsonthepriorsatisfactionofanother,morepre-potentneed.Manisaperpetuallywantinganimal.Alsononeedordrivecanbetreatedasifitwereisolatedordiscrete;ever

7、ydriveisrelatedtothestateofsatisfactionordissatisfactionofotherdrives.8.Listsofdriveswillgetusnowhereforvarioustheoreticalandpracticalreasons.Furthermoreanyclassificationofmotivations[p.371]mustdealwiththeproblemoflevelsofspecificityorgeneralizationthemotivestobeclassi

8、fied.9.Classificationsofmotivationsmustbebasedupongoalsratherthanuponinstigatingdrivesormotivatedbehavior.10.Motivati