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1、36CareandHuman RightsAReplytoVirginia HeldSusan MendusVirginiaHeldbeginsherthoughtfulandengagingchapterbydrawingattentiontotheprogresswhichhumanrightshavemadeinthelasthalfcentury.1ShequotesJosephRaz’sclaim—‘thisisagoodtimeforhumanrights’—andshenotesthathumanrightsarenowtaken‘ver
2、yseriouslynotonlybymanytheorists,butbyactivistspressinggov-ernmentstoimproveallsortsofconditions,andbycourtsdecidingcases’.‘Chargesofhumanrightsviolationshaveweight’Heldnotes.Theyaretakenseriouslybygovern-mentsaroundtheworld;theycan‘cutreputationsandinfluence,andactuallyaffectac
3、tionsandpolicies’.Inshort,humanrightsclaimsareveryweightyandhumanrightsviolationsareveryserious.However,despitethesepositiveopeningcomments,Heldis,intheend,doubtfulaboutthevalueofhumanrightsasawayofaddressingthemostseriousandpressingproblemsofthemodernworld.Shenotesthefragilityo
4、fourallegedprogress,par-ticularlyintheareaofsocialandeconomic(positive)rights,andasks‘howmuchisachievedbydeclaringthatallpersonshaverightstoadequatefoodandhealthcareandsecurityandeducation’.2Moregenerally,sheisconcernedthatanemphasisonrightsandjusticemaycomeattheexpenseofothermo
5、ralapproaches,andshesuggeststhat‘afocusonthemoralapproachesofcarewouldbesuitablefordealingwithmanyofthemostseriousproblemsfacingtheglobe’sinhabitants.Theymight’shesays,‘sup-plementorstrengthenorperhapsevenbemoreeffectivethantheapproachofhumanrights’.3So,despiteherinitialacknowle
6、dgementoftheimportanceofhumanrights,Heldis,intheend,deeplydoubtfulabouttheirpowertoassistus.Onthenegativeside,shewonderswhethertheycanadequatelyrespondtoourmostseriousglobalprob-lemsand,onthepositiveside,shesuggeststhatanadequateresponsetothoseprob-lemsmaybefoundintheappealtocar
7、e.Held’sreservationsabouthumanrightsseemtometobebothimportantandwell-grounded.Indeed,thereisalongtraditionofphilosophicalscepticismabouthumanrights,andHeld’schapterisaneloquentcontributiontothattradition.However,I amlessconvincedthattheappropriateresponsetothoseconcernsistoinvok
8、ethelanguageofcare.Inthisreply,therefore,I will
