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1、35CareandHuman RightsVirginia HeldHumanrightshavemaderemarkableprogressinthelasthalf-century.AsJosephRaz,aforemostcontemporarylegaltheorist,notes,“Thisisagoodtimeforhumanrights.”1Atthestartofthisperiod,realisminforeignpolicy,andinthoughtaboutinternationalissues
2、andpoliticaltheory,wassodominantthatmoralconsiderationswerewidelydismissedaspointless,andconsiderationsofhumanrightswereseenasbelongingtotherealmofignorablemoralexhortation.Therewereonlyahandfulofbooksonmoralityandinternationalaffairs.2Humanrights,aslittlemoret
3、hanmoralgoals,weretakenseriouslybyonlyratherafewpractitionersandtheorists.Humanrightsstillhavealongwaytogoinbecomingenforceableclaims.Butthereisnodoubtthattheyaretakenveryseriouslynotonlybymanytheoristsbutbyactiv-istspressinggovernmentstoimproveallsortsofcondit
4、ions,andbycourtsdecidingcases.Theyaretakenseriouslybygovernmentsaroundtheworld.Chargesofhumanrightsviolationshaveweight,cannotablycutreputationsandinfluence,andactuallyaffectactionsandpolicies.Theyarewidelyrecognizedasanactualpartoftheworld’sactualinternational
5、 law.3Thisprogressillustrateswellthe“normativepulloflaw”thatissomuchofwhatmakeslawpotentiallymoreeffectivethanitis,andcapableofsignificantimprove-ment.Spellingouttheargumentsforeveryperson’sfundamentalrights,andhowweoughttorespectpersonsandtheirrights,gradually
6、persuadesmoreandmorepeopletopayattentiontosuchrightsandtoshamethosewhodisregardthem.Wehaveseentheprocessatworkandshouldnotfailtoappreciate it.Atthesametime,wecanrecognizethelimitationsandfragilitiesofthisprogress.Millionsandmillionsofpersonsintheworldcontinueto
7、dieofhungerandprevent-ableillnesses,tobecrushedbypoverty,felledbyviolence,andblockedbyignorance.“Abouthalfofallhumanbeingsliveinseverepoverty,”ThomasPoggeremindsus,“andaboutaquarterliveinextremeorlife-threateningpoverty...Aboutonethirdofallhumandeaths,18 millio
8、neachyear,areduetopoverty-relatedcauses.”4How1JosephRaz,“HumanRightsWithoutFoundations,”inSamanthaBessonandJohnTasioulas(eds.),ThePhilosophyofInternationalLaw(New York: Oxfo
