资源描述：
《unit 9 note-taking & consecutive interpreting (3)》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、LEAD-INSCENARIOAboysaystoagirlwhohehasmetfortheveryfirsttime:“你不戴眼镜的时候很漂亮。”Thegirlimmediatelyresponds:“我戴眼镜的时候一定很丑了。”Nowtheboymayhavereasonstodenythatthegirl’sinterpretationisnotwhathesaid.Buthemaynotbeabletodenyinfairnessthatthisis,atleast,whatheimplied.I.COOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEIndaily
2、conversations,peopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.Abasicunderlyingassumptionwemakewhenwespeaktooneanotheristhatwearetryingtocooperatewithoneanothertoconstructmeaningfulconversations.ThisassumptionisknownastheCooperativePrinciple.Inotherwords,weasspeakerstrytocontrib
3、utemeaningfulandproductiveutterancestofurthertheconversation.Itthenfollowsthat,aslisteners,weassumethatourconversationalpartnersaredoingthesame.Thisassumptionexplainstwothings:(1)Whyspeecherrorsareoftenignored(orevengounnoticed)inconversation.Aslongasthemeaningthatthespeakeristryingt
4、ogetacrossisclear,thelistenerusuallygivesthemthebenefitofdoubtandfocusesonthemeaning.(2)Whywecanfindmeaninginstatementswhich,onthesurface,seemridiculous,untrueorunrelated(i.e.metaphors,sarcasm,overstatement,understatement,etc.)Ratherthanassumingtheourconversationalpartnerislying,craz
5、y,orspeakingatrandom,weassumethey’retryingtogetacrosssomemeaning,andwecanfigureoutwhatthatmeaningis.MAXIMOFQUALITYTrytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.MAXIMOFQUANTITY1.Makeyourcontributionasinformativea
6、sisrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.MAXIMOFRELATIONBerelevant.MAXIMOFMANNERBeperspicuous.1.Avoidobscurityofexpression.2.Avoidambiguity.3.Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).4.Beorderly.II.POLITENESSPRINCIPLETactMaxim
7、:Tominimizecost/maximizebenefittoother.策略准则：尽量少让他人受损；尽量多使他人受惠。GenerosityMaxim:Tominimizebenefit/maximizecosttoself.慷慨准则：尽量少使自己受惠；尽量多让自己受损。ApprobationMaxim:Tominimizedispraise/maximizepraiseofother.赞扬准则：尽量缩小对他人的贬损；尽量夸大对他人的赞誉。ModestyMaxim:Tominimizepraise/maximizedispraiseofself.谦虚准则：尽
8、量缩小对自己的赞誉；尽量
