细菌耐药的临床对策课件

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1、细菌耐药的临床对策-关注抗菌药物临床管理及合理应用抗感染药物发展简史1929AlexanderFleming发现青霉素HowardFlorey和ErnstChain分离获得青霉素，用于动物试验。青霉素首次用于救治战伤患者，拯救了许多人的生命1950’s大量抗生素用于临床。AposterfromWorldWarII,dramaticallyshowingthevirtuesofthenewmiracledrug,andrepresentingthehighlevelofmotivationinthecountrytoaidthe

2、healthofthesoldiersatwar.DiscoveryofAntibacterialAgentsCycloserineErythromycinEthionamideIsoniazidMetronidazolePyrazinamideRifamycinTrimethoprimVancomycinVirginiamycinImipenem19301940195019601970198019902000PenicillinProntosilCephalosporinCEthambutolFusidicacidMupir

3、ocinNalidixicacidOxazolidinonesCecropinFluoroquinolonesNeweraminoglycosidesSemi-syntheticpenicillins&cephalosporinsNewercarbapenemsTrinemsSyntheticapproachesEmpiricscreeningNewermacrolides&ketolidesRifampicinRifapentineSemi-syntheticglycopeptidesSemi-syntheticstrept

4、ograminsNeomycinPolymixinStreptomycinThiacetazoneChlortetracyclineGlycylcyclinesMinocyclineChloramphenicol“Closethebookoninfectiousdisease”“Infectiousdiseasewillbewithusfortheforeseeablefuture”USSurgeonGeneralWilliamStewart,1969HarvardMedicalSchoolMaryWilson,1998抗生素

5、时代感染仍是人类健康的主要威胁之一IIIIIIII新出现或“再出现”的感染性疾病emergingandre-emerginginfectiousdiseases新病原体不断出现-HIV/AIDS、Ebola、Hantavirus新型肝炎、新型克－雅病（疯牛病）肠杆菌O157、霍乱O139环孢子菌病、隐孢子菌病、人类Ehrlichosis…老病卷土重来-肺结核、疟疾、鼠疫、霍乱、黄热病、登革热和登革出血热…免疫缺陷人群不断增加-机会性真菌和呼吸道病毒性肺炎…细菌耐药愈演愈烈－PRSP、MRSP、MRSA/MRSE、VRE、VI

6、SA/VERA…－ESBL、ampC、SSBL、金属酶….－MDR结核菌…美国因细菌耐药增加医疗费用超过40亿美元!!临床关注的耐药问题ResistancesofClinicalConcerns革兰阳性细菌金匍菌–MRSA,VISA,VRSAVRE(地理上差别)肺炎链球菌–青霉素和喹诺酮耐药革兰阴性细菌肠杆菌科－ESBLs喹诺酮,头孢菌素,青霉素类,氨基糖苷类碳青霉烯类非发酵菌(假单孢菌+/-不动杆菌)喹诺酮,头孢菌素,青霉素类,氨基糖苷类,碳青霉烯类ResistantbacteriaMutationsXXAntibiotic

7、resistance:geneticeventsSusceptiblebacteriaResistantbacteriaGenetransferResistantStrainsRarexxResistantStrainsDominantAntimicrobialExposurexxxxxxxxxxSelectionforAntimicrobial-ResistantStrains抗生素选择压力耐药菌的播散InfectionControlAntibioticControlVREMRSAESBLK.pneumoniaeAntib

8、ioticControlandInfectionControl:TheTwoSidesoftheResistance“Coin”RekhaMurthy.ImplementationofStrategiestoControlAntimicrobialResistanceChes