《有机化学》英文教学课件：Chap 7 Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers(2012b-醇1).ppt

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1、Chap7Alcohols,Phenols,Ethers1Section1AlcoholsⅠ.Structure,ClassificationandNomenclaturealiphaticalcoholCH3OHalicyclicalcoholaromaticalcohol－OHhydroxyl2primaryalcoholCH3CH2OHsecondaryalcohol(CH3)2CHOHtertiaryalcohol(CH3)3COHmonobasicalcoholCH3CH2OHpolybasicalcoholCH2OHCH2OH

2、CH2OHCHOHCH2OH(glycol)(glycerol)3Alcoholarenamedsystemicallybydroppingthefinal“e”oftheparenthydrocarbonandaddingthesuffix“ol.”Thefunctionalgroup,OH(hydroxyl),isgiventhelowestnumberpossible,takingprecedenceoverothergroupsinthemolecule.Thelongestcarbonchainisidentifiedandth

3、esubstituentsnumberedappropriately.4methanolethanolbenzylalcohol(benzalcohol)2-propanol(isopropylalcohol)2-methyl-2-propanol(tert-butylalcohol)53-chloro-4-fluoro-2-pentanolglycerol(glycerin)64-methyl-4-hexene-2-olnot3-methyl-2-hexene-5-ol3-methylcyclopentanol7Ⅱ.Preparatio

4、nofAlcohol1.FromalkeneTheelementsofwatercanbeaddedtothealkenesinthepresenceofacid(thecommononeissulfuricacid.)TheadditionisMarkovnikov’saddition.82.FromalkylhalidesDisplacementofprimaryorsecondaryhalidesbyhydroxideleadstoalcohol.Buttertiaryhalidesareseldomusedduetotheelim

5、inationreactioncomplicatetheprocessandlowertheyield.93.FromcarbonylcompoundsReductionofaldehydesorketonesbyhydrogenleadstoprimaryorsecondaryalcohols.10AldehydesorketonesreactwithGrignardreagentscangetsecondaryortertiaryalcohols.11Insimilarfashionmagnesiumreducethecarbon-h

6、alogenbondsofalkylhalides.Halidereactivityincreasesintheorder:Cl

7、CH2OHM=46b.p=78.5℃13Thesespecialphysicalpropertiesareduetotheexistenceofhydrogenbonding.Thebasicoxygenatomsformpartialbondstotheacidichydroxylhydrogens.Hydrogenbondsarequitestrong,ontheorderof5kcal/mol,avaluenotenoughtomakepermanentdimericorpolymericstructures,butquitesuf

8、ficienttoraisetheboilingpointsofalcohols.Itneedstheenergytobreakthehydrogenbondstomakeallmolecul