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1、Chapter6.HalohydrocarbonSection1.ClassificationandNomenclatureⅠ.Classification1.Classifyingbyhalogenatoms:Fluorohydrocarbons,Chlorohydrocarbons,Bromohydrocarbons,IodohydrocarbonsRX12.Classifyingbyalkyl:Alkylhalides,Alkenylhalides,Arylhalides3.Classifyin
2、gbythenumbersofhalogenatoms:Monohalohydrocarbons,Polyhalohydrocarbons2Ouremphasesaremonohalohydrocarbons.Thefocusisalkylhalides.AlkylhalideshavetheformulaCnH2n+1X,whereX=F,Cl,Br,I.3Alkylhalidesareclassifiedasmethyl,primary,secondaryandtertiary.methyliod
3、ide(methylhalide)ethyliodide(primaryhalide)isopropyliodide(secondaryhalide)tert-butyliodide(tertiaryhalide)4Ⅱ.NomenclatureBothcommonandsystematicnamesareused,althoughasthecomplexityofthemoleculeincreases,thesystemnaturallytakeover.Theimportantrulestorem
4、emberfornaminghalidesare:1.Minimizethenumbergiventothesubstituent.2.Namemultiplesubstituentsinalphabeticalorder.53.Ifacarbon-carbondoublebondispresent,thedoublebondtakesprecedenceoverthehalogenwhenpositionalnumbersareassigned.6chloroformiodoformbenzylch
5、loride75-chloro-2-methyl-2-pentene1-fluoro-3-iodocyclopentene2-bromo-1-chlorobutane8Thefunctionalgroupofalkylhalidesisacarbon-halogenbond,thecommonhalogensbeingfluorine,chlorine,bromineandiodine.Withtheexceptionofiodine,thesehalogenshaveelectronegativit
6、iessignificantlygreaterthancarbon.Consequently,thisfunctionalgroupispolarizedsothatthecarboniselectrophilicandthehalogenisnucleophilic.Section2.ChemicalProperties9F(4.2)>O(3.6)>N(3.1)>Cl(2.9)>Br(2.7)>S(2.6)>C(2.5)>I(2.4)>H(2.3)=P(2.3)Theorderofelectrone
7、gativityforsomeelements:10Indescribingreactionsthatarelikelytooccurwithalkylhalides,itisusefultodesignatethehalogen-bearingcarbonasalpha()andthecarbonatom(s)adjacenttoitasbeta().11Ⅰ.NucleophilicSubstitutionsubstrateproductnucleophilicreagentleavingg
8、roups121.Substitutedbyhydroxyl(hydrolysis)Alkylhalidesreactwithwaterarereversiblereaction.13Inordertoincreasetherateandtheyieldofthereactions,wecanusestrongbase,suchassodiumhydorxideorpotassiumhydorxidetoinsteadofwater.142.Substi
