《有机化学》英文教学课件：Chap.02 Alkane.ppt

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1、1Chapter2AlkaneClassificationofHydrocarbon:hydrocarbonaliphaticaromaticsaturated:alkaneunsaturated:alkene,alkynealicyclicnon-benzenoidbenzenoid2AlkanesHydrocarbonshavingnodoubleortriplebondfunctionalgroupsareclassifiedasalkanesorcycloalkanes,dependingonwhetherthecarbonatomsofthemol

2、eculearearrangedonlyinchainsoralsoinrings.3Thealkanesandcycloalkanesarealsomembersofalargerclassofcompoundsreferredtoasaliphatic.Simplyput,aliphaticcompoundsarecompoundsthatdonotincorporateanyaromaticringsintheirmolecularstructure.hydrocarbonaliphaticaromaticsaturated:alkane,cycloa

3、lkaneunsaturated:alkene,alkynealicyclic:cycloalkane,cycloalkene脂肪族芳香族4Section1MolecularStructureofAlkane5Thesimplestofthealkaneismethane,CH4.Ⅰ.Chemicalboneofalkaneplanarsquaretetrahedron6CH4isasymmetricalmolecule.FourCHbondsareequal.7sp3hybridorbital:Ahybridorbitalmadebythecombinat

4、ionofonesorbitalandthreeporbitalsSp3hybridgroundstateexcitationstate基态激发态Celectronicconfigurationinalkane89Thecarboninmethaneishybridizedsp3(25%scharacter,75%pcharacter)andorbitalsaredirectedtowardthecornerofatetrahedron.10TheresultingHCHanglesare109.5°(exactly,109°28')andthelength

5、ofacarbon-hydrogenbondinmethaneis1.09Å.1.09Å11Thefourhydrogenatoms,eachwithanelectronina1sorbital,overlapwiththehybridstoformbonding(orbital=sp3+1s)whichcanrotatefreely.12Ⅱ.GeneralformulaAlkanesallhavethemoleculargeneralformulaCnH2n+2homologousseries（同系列）:Theseriescompoundsofthege

6、neralformulaandstructuralfeature.Homolog（同系物）:Thecompoundsinhomologousseries.13methane甲CH4CH41ethane乙C2H6CH3CH31propane丙C3H8CH3CH2CH31butane丁C4H10CH3CH2CH2CH32pentane戊C5H12CH3(CH2)3CH33hexane己C6H14CH3(CH2)4CH35heptane庚C7H16CH3(CH2)5CH39octane辛C8H18CH3(CH2)6CH318nonane壬C9H20CH3(CH2)

7、7CH335decane癸C10H22CH3(CH2)8CH375NameMolecularFormulaStructuralFormulaIsomers141.TheformulasandstructuresofthesealkanesincreaseuniformallybyaCH2increment.2.Auniformvariationofthiskindinaseriesofcompoundsiscalledhomologous.3.TheseformulasallfittheCnH2n+2rule.Thisisalsothehighestposs

8、ibleH/Cratioforastablehydr