《有机化学》英文教学课件：Chap 9 aldehydes and ketones (2012-2).ppt

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1、Chapter9AldehydesandKetonesSection1.StructureandNomenclatureAldehydesandketonesallcontainacarbonylgroupaldehydesketoneslone-pairelectronsAn-hydrogen1Commonnamesarenormallyusedforthealdehydescontainingfourcarbonsorfewer.Forsystemicnames,the“e”oftheparentalkane’snameisdr

2、oppedandthesuffix“al”isadded.Intheprioritysystemthealdehydegroupisalwaysnumber1,andhighernumbersaregiventoanysubstituents.Nomenclatureofaldehydes:2formaldehydeacetaldehyde2-methylpentanal3-chloropropanal(mathanal)(ethanal)33-methylbenzaldehyde3-chloro-3-phenyl-2-propena

3、l(Z)-4The“e”oftheparentalkaneisdropped,andthesuffix“one”isappended.Thenumberofthecarbonatombearingthecarbon-oxygendoublebondbeginsthename.Givethecarbonylgroupthesmallestnumberasfaraspossible.Aromaticketonesareoftennamedbytreatingthebenzeneringasaphenylgroup.Nomenclature

4、ofketones:5acetone(propanone)methylphenylketone(phenylethanone)cyclopropylphenylketone6(2,2-dimethyl-1-phenylpropanone)t-butylphenylketone3-methyl-2-pentanone74-methoxycyclohexanone1,4-cyclohexanedione8Section2.Preparation1.OxidationofalcoholsCrO3·2C5H5NiscalledCollinsr

5、eagent92.Ozonizationofalkenesozonide10Showthemajorproductofthefollowingreaction:113.Friedel-CraftsAcylationReactionAcylchloridesoracidanhydridesreactwithbenzeneundertheinfluenceofanequivalent(notacatalyticamount)AlCl3toformaromaticketones.acylacylchlorideacidanhydride12

6、13Section3.ChemicalPropertiesⅠ.NucleophilicAdditionⅡ.Reactionsatthe-positionⅢ.OxidationandReduction141.AdditionofHydrocyanicAcidcyanohydrinalcoholacid15cyclohexanone161.Allaldehydesincludealiphaticandaromaticaldehydes.2.Aliphaticmethylketones.3.Cyclicketoneswhichtheri

7、ngscontaineightorlesscarbonatoms.n≤8Summary:172.Additionofsodiumbisulfitewhitecrystal※18whitecrystal※吊白块、雕白粉19Theproductofbisulfiteadditionisoftenaniceisolablesolid.Soitisalsoadistinguishreaction.Butmoreimportant,viathisreactionwecanpurifyaldehydesandsomeketones.※201.Al

8、laldehydesincludealiphaticandaromaticaldehydes.2.Aliphaticmethylketones.3.Cyclicketoneswhichtheringscontaineig