语言学课后答案第2章.doc

《语言学课后答案第2章.doc》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

1、1.phonetics:thestudyofhowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.Itcanbedividedintothreemainareasofstudy—articulatoryphonetics,acousticphoneticsandperceptual/auditoryphonetics.articulatoryphonetics:thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds,orthestudyofhowspeechso

2、undsareproduced/made.phonology:thestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.speechorgans:thosepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech,alsok

3、nownas‘vocalorgans’.voicing:thevibrationofthevocalfolds.Whenthevocalfoldsareclosetogether,theairstreamcausesthemtovibrateagainsteachotherandtheresultantsoundissaidtobe‘voiced’.Whenthevocalfoldsareapartandtheaircanpassthrougheasily,thesoundproducedissaidtobe‘voiceless’

4、.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet:asetofstandardphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart(theIPAchart),designedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationsince1888.Ithasbeenrevisedfromtimetotimetoincludenewdiscoveriesandchangesinphonetictheoryandpractice.Thelatestversionhasbeenrevisedi

5、n1993andupdatedin1996.consonant:amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.vowel:amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedwithoutobstructionofthevocaltractsothatairescape

6、sinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthorthenose.mannerofarticulation:waysinwhicharticulationofconsonantscanbeaccomplished—(a)thearticulatorsmaycloseofftheoraltractforaninstantorarelativelylongperiod;(b)theymaynarrowthespaceconsiderably;or(c)theymaysimplymodifythesh

7、apeofthetractbyapproachingeachother.placeofarticulation:thepointwhereanobstructiontotheflowofairismadeinproducingaconsonant.CardinalVowels:asetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofe

8、xistinglanguages.semi-vowel:segmentsthatareneitherconsonantsnorvowels,e.g.[j]and[w].vowelglide:vowelsthatinvolveachangeofqua