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1、(1)semantics:thestudyoflinguisticmeaning.(2)truth-conditionalsemantics:anapproachthatknowingthemeaningofthesentenceisthesameasknowingtheconditionsunderwhichthesentenceistrueorfalse,andknowingthemeaningofawordorexpressionisknowingthepartthatitplaysinthetruthorfalsehoodofthesentenceco
2、ntainingit.(3)namingtheory:theviewthatthemeaningofanexpressioniswhatitrefersto,ornames.(4)behavioristtheory:theviewthatthemeaningofalinguisticformisdefinedasobservablebehaviorswhichisanapproachdrawingonpsychology.(5)usetheory:thesemantictheoryaccordingtowhichthemeaningofanexpressioni
3、sdeterminedbyitsuseincommunicationandmoregenerally,insocialinteraction.(6)sense:theinherentpartofanexpression’smeaning,togetherwiththecontext,determinesitsreferent.Forexample,knowingthesenseofanounphrasesuchasthepresidentoftheUnitedStatesin2004allowsonetodeterminethatGeorgesuchasthe
4、presidentoftheUnitedStatesin2004allowsonetodeterminethatGeorge(7)reference:(insemantics)therelationshipbetweenwordsandthethings,actions,eventsandqualitiestheystandfor.AnexampleinEnglishistherelationshipbetweenthewordtreeandtheobject“tree”(referent)intherealworld.(8)conceptualmeaning
5、:Itmeansthemeaningofwordsmaybediscussedintermsofwhattheydenoteorreferto,alsocalleddenotativeorcognitivemeaning.Itistheessentialandinextricablepartofwhatlanguageisandiswidelyregardedasthecentralfactorinverbalcommunication.Forinstance,theconceptualmeaningof“he”inEnglishisanymaleperson
6、ormaleanimal.(9)connotativemeaning:Itisthecommunicativemeaningthatawordoracombinationofwordshasbyvirtueofwhatitrefersto,overitspurelyconceptualmeaning.Forexample,theconnotativemeaningof“woman”isemotional,frail,inconstant,irrational,etc.(10)semanticfield:theorganizationofrelatedwords
7、andexpressionsintoasystemwhichshowstheirrelationshiptooneanother.Forexample,kinshiptermssuchasfather,mother,brother,sister,uncle,auntbelongtoasemanticfieldwhoserelevantfeaturesincludegeneration,sex,membershipofthefather’sormother’ssideoffamily.(11)lexicalgap:theabsenceofawordinaparti
8、cularplaceinasemant
