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1、Chapter8LanguageandSociety1.Howislanguagerelatedtosociety?答：Therearemanyindicationsoftheinter-relationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Oneofthemisthatwhilelanguageisprincipallyusedtocommunicatemeaning,itisalsousedtoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationships.Thissocialfunct
2、ionoflanguageisembodiedintheuseofsuchutterancesas“Goodmorning!”,“Hi!”,“How'syourfamily?”,“Nicedaytoday,isn'tit?”.Anotherindicationisthatusersofthesamelanguageinasenseallspeakdifferently.Thekindoflanguageeachofthemchoosestouseisinpartdeterminedbyhissocialbackground.An
3、dlanguage,initsturn,revealsinformationaboutitsspeaker.Whenwespeak,wecannotavoidgivingcluestoourlistenersaboutourselves.Thentosomeextent,language,especiallythestructureofitslexicon,reflectsboththephysicalandthesocialenvironmentsofasociety.Forexamplewhilethereisonlyone
4、wordinEnglishfor“snow”,thereareseveralinEskimo.ThisisareflectionoftheneedfortheEskimostomakedistinctionsbetweenvariouskindsofsnowintheirsnowylivingenvironment.Asasocialphenomenonlanguageiscloselyrelatedtothestructureofthesocietyinwhichitisused,andtheevaluationofaling
5、uisticformisentirelysocial.Toalinguist,alllanguageformsandaccentsareequallygoodasfarastheycanfulfillthecommunicativefunctionstheyareexpectedtofulfill.Therefore,judgmentsconcerningthecorrectnessandpurityoflinguisticvarietiesaresocialratherthanlinguistic.Acaseinpointis
6、theuseofthepostvocalic[r].WhileinEnglishaccentswithoutpostvocalic[r]areconsideredtobemorecorrectthanaccentswithit,inNewYorkcity,accentswithpostvocalic[r]enjoysmoreprestigeandareconsideredmorecorrectthanwithoutit.2.Explainwithanexamplethattheevaluationoflanguageissoci
7、alratherthanlinguistic.答：Theevaluationoflanguageissocialratherthanlinguistic.Thisisbecauseeverylanguageorlanguagevarietycanexpressallideasthatitsnativespeakerswanttoexpress.Thatistosay,languageandlanguagevarietyareequalinexpressingmeaning.Forexample,themuch-prejudice
8、dBlackEnglishcanbeusedbytheblackpeopletocommunicatewitheachotherwithoutfeelinganyhindrance.ButmanyotherpeoplethinkBlackEnglishisnot
