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时间:2020-08-31
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1、1.phonetics:thestudyofhowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.Itcanbedividedintothreemainareasofstudy—articulatoryphonetics,acousticphoneticsandperceptual/auditoryphonetics.articulatoryphonetics:thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds,orthestudyofhowspeechso
2、undsareproduced/made.phonology:thestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.speechorgans:thosepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech,alsok
3、nownas‘vocalorgans’.voicing:thevibrationofthevocalfolds.Whenthevocalfoldsareclosetogether,theairstreamcausesthemtovibrateagainsteachotherandtheresultantsoundissaidtobe‘voiced’.Whenthevocalfoldsareapartandtheaircanpassthrougheasily,thesoundproducedissaidtobe‘voiceless’
4、.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet:asetofstandardphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart(theIPAchart),designedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationsince1888.Ithasbeenrevisedfromtimetotimetoincludenewdiscoveriesandchangesinphonetictheoryandpractice.Thelatestversionhasbeenrevisedi
5、n1993andupdatedin1996.consonant:amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.vowel:amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedwithoutobstructionofthevocaltractsothatairescape
6、sinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthorthenose.mannerofarticulation:waysinwhicharticulationofconsonantscanbeaccomplished—(a)thearticulatorsmaycloseofftheoraltractforaninstantorarelativelylongperiod;(b)theymaynarrowthespaceconsiderably;or(c)theymaysimplymodifythesh
7、apeofthetractbyapproachingeachother.placeofarticulation:thepointwhereanobstructiontotheflowofairismadeinproducingaconsonant.CardinalVowels:asetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofe
8、xistinglanguages.semi-vowel:segmentsthatareneitherconsonantsnorvowels,e.g.[j]and[w].vowelglide:vowelsthatinvolveachangeofqua
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