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1、Chapter1Introduction1.Definethefollowingtermsbriefly.(1)linguistics:thescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage.(2)language:asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(3)arbitrariness:theabsenceofsimilaritybetweentheformofalinguisticsignandwhatitrelatestoinrealit
2、y,e.g.theworddogdoesnotlooklikeadog.(4)duality:thewaymeaninglesselementsoflanguageatonelevel(soundsandletters)combinetoformmeaningfulunits(words)atanotherlevel.(5)competence:knowledgeofthegrammarofalanguageasaformalabstractionanddistinctfromthebehaviorofactuallanguageus
3、e,i.e.performance.(6)performance:Chomsky’stermforactuallanguagebehaviorasdistinctfromtheknowledgethatunderliesit,orcompetence.(7)stylistics:thestudyofhowliteraryeffectscanberelatedtolinguisticfeatures.(8)phaticcommunion:Languageisusedtoestablishanatmosphereormaintainsoc
4、ialcontactbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.(9)functionalism:thestudyoftheformsoflanguageinreferencetotheirsocialfunctionincommunication.(10)formalism:thestudyoftheabstractformsoflanguageandtheirinternalrelations.(11)synchroniclinguistics:thestudyoflanguageandspeechastheyar
5、eusedatagivenmomentandnotintermsofhowtheyhaveevolvedovertime.(12)diachroniclinguistics:thestudyoflinguisticchangeovertimeincontrasttolookingatlanguageasitisusedatagivenmoment.2.No,languageishuman-specific.Humanlanguagehassevendesignfeatures,includingarbitrariness,duality
6、,productivity,interchangeability,displacement,specializationandculturaltransmission.Thesefeaturesarefoundutterlylackingindogs’orpigs’noisesandthussethumanlanguageapartfromanimalcrysystems.3.Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenapar
7、ticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Forexample,forthesameanimaldog,inEnglishwecallit/d0g/,inChineseas“gou”,but“yilu”inJapanese;itbarkswowwowinEnglishbutwangwanginChinese.Ofcourse,onomatopoeticwordssuchas“quack-quack”and“bang”areexceptions,butwordslikethesearerel
8、ativelyfewcomparedwiththetotalnumberofwordsinalanguage.4.Ahumanbabydoesnotspeakanylanguageatbirth.Whatlanguage
