语言学教程课后习题-答案第-章

《语言学教程课后习题-答案第-章》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在应用文档-天天文库。

1、.Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1.Definethefollowingterms:designfeature:thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimals.function:therolelanguageplaysincommunication(e.g.toexpressideas,attitudes)orinparticularsocialsit

2、uations(e.g.religious,legal).synchronic:saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical‘point’intime.diachronic:saidofthestudyofdevelopmentoflanguageandlanguagesovertime.prescriptive:tomakeauthoritarianstatementaboutthecorrectnessofaparticularuseoflanguage.descriptive:tomake

3、anobjectiveandsystematicaccountofthepatternsanduseofalanguageorvariety.arbitrariness:theabsenceofanyphysicalcorrespondencebetweenlinguisticsignalsandtheentitiestowhichtheyrefer.duality:thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels:meaningfulunits(e.g.words)andmeanin

4、glesssegments(e.g.sounds,letters).displacement:theabilityoflanguagetorefertocontextsremovedfromthespeaker’simmediatesituation.phaticcommunion:saidoftalkusedtoestablishatmosphereormaintainsocialcontact.metalanguage:alanguageusedfortalkingaboutlanguage.macrolinguistics:abroadcon

5、ceptionoflinguisticenquiry,includingpsychological,cultural,etc.competence:unconsciousknowledgeofthesystemofgrammaticalrulesinalanguage.performance:thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.langue:thelanguagesystemsharedbya“speechcommunity”.parole:theconcreteutterances

6、ofaspeaker.2.Consultatleastfourintroductorylinguisticstextbooks(notdictionaries),andcopythedefinitionsof“language”thateachgives.Aftercarefullycomparingthedefinitions,writeapaperdiscussingwhichpointsrecurandexplainingthesignificanceofthesimilaritiesanddifferences......amongthed

7、efinitions.ANSWER:Allthedefinitionsshouldnotexcludethedescriptionofdesignfeaturesthathavebeenmentionedinthiscoursebook.Alsoitwillbebetterifotherdesignfeatures,say,interchangeabilityorculturaltransmissionisincluded.Butitseemsimpossibletogiveanunimpeachabledefinitiononlanguage,b

8、ecausethefacetspeoplewanttoemphasizeareseldomunanimous.Tocomp