语言学教程课后习题与答案第一章.doc

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1、Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1.Definethefollowingterms:designfeature:thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimals.function:therolelanguageplaysincommunication(e.g.toexpressideas,attitudes)orinparticula

2、rsocialsituations(e.g.religious,legal).synchronic:saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical‘point’intime.diachronic:saidofthestudyofdevelopmentoflanguageandlanguagesovertime.prescriptive:tomakeauthoritarianstatementaboutthecorrectnessofaparticularuseoflangua

3、ge.descriptive:tomakeanobjectiveandsystematicaccountofthepatternsanduseofalanguageorvariety.arbitrariness:theabsenceofanyphysicalcorrespondencebetweenlinguisticsignalsandtheentitiestowhichtheyrefer.duality:thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels:mea

4、ningfulunits(e.g.words)andmeaninglesssegments(e.g.sounds,letters).displacement:theabilityoflanguagetorefertocontextsremovedfromthespeaker’simmediatesituation.phaticcommunion:saidoftalkusedtoestablishatmosphereormaintainsocialcontact.metalanguage:alanguageusedfortalk

5、ingaboutlanguage.macrolinguistics:abroadconceptionoflinguisticenquiry,includingpsychological,cultural,etc.competence:unconsciousknowledgeofthesystemofgrammaticalrulesinalanguage.performance:thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.langue:thelanguagesystems

6、haredbya“speechcommunity”.parole:theconcreteutterancesofaspeaker.2.Consultatleastfourintroductorylinguisticstextbooks(notdictionaries),andcopythedefinitionsof“language”thateachgives.Aftercarefullycomparingthedefinitions,writeapaperdiscussingwhichpointsrecurandexplai

7、ningthesignificanceofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesamongthedefinitions.ANSWER:Allthedefinitionsshouldnotexcludethedescriptionofdesignfeaturesthathavebeenmentionedinthiscoursebook.Alsoitwillbebetterifotherdesignfeatures,say,interchangeabilityorculturaltransmissionisin

8、cluded.Butitseemsimpossibletogiveanunimpeachabledefinitiononlanguage,becausethefacetspeoplewanttoemphasizeareseldomunanimous.Tocompareseve