语言学教程课后习题与答案第一章

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1、..Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1.Definethefollowingterms:designfeature:thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimals.function:therolelanguageplaysincommunication(e.g.toexpressideas,attitudes)

2、orinparticularsocialsituations(e.g.religious,legal).synchronic:saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical‘point’intime.diachronic:saidofthestudyofdevelopmentoflanguageandlanguagesovertime.prescriptive:tomakeauthoritarianstatementaboutthecorrectness

3、ofaparticularuseoflanguage.descriptive:tomakeanobjectiveandsystematicaccountofthepatternsanduseofalanguageorvariety.arbitrariness:theabsenceofanyphysicalcorrespondencebetweenlinguisticsignalsandtheentitiestowhichtheyrefer.duality:thestructuralorganization

4、oflanguageintotwoabstractlevels:meaningfulunits(e.g.words)andmeaninglesssegments(e.g.sounds,letters).displacement:theabilityoflanguagetorefertocontextsremovedfromthespeaker’simmediatesituation.phaticcommunion:saidoftalkusedtoestablishatmosphereormaintains

5、ocialcontact.metalanguage:alanguageusedfortalkingaboutlanguage.macrolinguistics:abroadconceptionoflinguisticenquiry,includingpsychological,cultural,etc.competence:unconsciousknowledgeofthesystemofgrammaticalrulesinalanguage.performance:thelanguageactually

6、usedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.langue:thelanguagesystemsharedbya“speechcommunity”.parole:theconcreteutterancesofaspeaker.2.Consultatleastfourintroductorylinguisticstextbooks(notdictionaries),andcopythedefinitionsof“language”thateachgives.Aftercarefullyco

7、mparingthedefinitions,writeapaperdiscussingwhichpointsrecurandexplainingthesignificanceofthesimilaritiesanddifferences资料..amongthedefinitions.ANSWER:Allthedefinitionsshouldnotexcludethedescriptionofdesignfeaturesthathavebeenmentionedinthiscoursebook.Alsoi

8、twillbebetterifotherdesignfeatures,say,interchangeabilityorculturaltransmissionisincluded.Butitseemsimpossibletogiveanunimpeachabledefinitiononlanguage,becausethefacetspeoplewanttoemphasizeareseldomunanimous.Tocompa