语用学Chapter 4 Cooperative principle陈新仁何自然何伟.pdf

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1、ChapterFourCooperativePrincipleContentsI.PreliminaryexamplesII.ImplicatureIII.H.P.GriceIV.ThecooperativeprincipleV.Non-observanceofthemaximsVI.PropertiesofconversationalimplicatureVII.Problemswiththecooperativeprinciple2I.Preliminaryexamples1.Virginia:D

2、oyoulikemynewhat?Mary:It‟spink.2.Maggie:Coffee?James:Itwouldkeepmeawakeallnight.3.Phil:AreyougoingtoSteve‟sbarbecue?Terry:Well,Steve‟sgotthosedogsnow.4.Annie:Wasthedessertanygood?Mike:Annie,cherrypieischerrypie.3Meaningsoftheanswers1.Idon‟tlikeyourhat.2.Iwon‟t

3、havesomecoffee.3.Idon‟tthinkI‟mgoingtoSteve‟sbarbecue.4.No,thedessertwasprettyboring.4II.ImplicatureTheadditionalordifferentmeaningswhichweobservedintheexamplesareconveyedbymeansofimplicature.CoinedbyGriceToavoidthelogicaluseofimplicationImplicature:themeaning

4、additionaltoordifferentfromthemeaningdeliveredbythelinguisticexpressionsontheirown5ConventionalimplicatureNon-truth-conditionalaspectsofmeaningwhichareconventionallyattachedtoparticularlinguisticforms(suchasdiscourse-deicticitems)–Non-cancelablebecausetheydon

5、otdependonparticularcontexts–Detachablebecausetheyrelyonparticularlinguisticitems–Cannotbecalculatedusingpragmaticprinciplesandcontextualknowledgebecause6theyaresubjecttoconventionConversationalimplicatureGeneralizedimplicature:normallycarriedbytheuseofacerta

6、inlexicalitemorexpressionintheabsenceofspecialcircumstancesParticularizedimplicature:ariseonlyinaparticularcontextofutterance7III.H.P.Grice1.HeworkedwithAustinatOxfordinthe1940sand1950s.2.Hewasalsoanordinarylanguagephilosopher.3.Thetheoryofimplicaturewasoutli

7、nedin1967andwaspublishedinapaper“logicandconversation”(1975).84.Heattemptedatexplaininghowahearergetsfromwhatissaidtowhatismeant,fromthelevelofexpressedmeaningtothelevelofimpliedmeaning.9IV.ThecooperativeprincipleMakeyourcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestage

8、atwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.(Grice1975:47)10Thatis,weassumethatinaconversationtheparticipantswillco-operatewitheachotherwhenmakingthei