语用学Chapter 5 Politeness Principle and Face Theory陈新仁何自然何伟

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1、ChapterFivePolitenessPrincipleandFaceTheoryContentsI.ApproachestopolitenessII.Leech’sPolitenessPrincipleIII.Brown&Levinson’sFaceTheoryI.Approachestopoliteness甲：还在吃饭？乙：今天吃得晚点，散步？甲：买菜？乙：嘿，你也买菜？A：Goodmorning,John.B：Goodmorning,Mary.3JennyThomas'opinionaboutpolitness

2、1.Politenessasareal-worldgoal:agenuinedesiretobeniceorpleasanttoothers,ortheunderlyingmotivationforanindividual’slinguisticbehavior礼貌所体现的是交际的一种现实目的2.Politenessasdeference:respectpaidtothosewithahighersocialstatus,greaterageorthelike礼貌就是对他人表示敬意或敬重4•3.Politenessasa

3、nutterance-levelphenomenon:concernedwiththestudyofformsavailableforperformingparticularspeechactspolitelyandtheperceptionofpoliteness•礼貌是一种话语现象•4.Politenessasapragmaticphenomenon:Leech’sPolitenessPrinciple,andBrownandLevinson’sFaceTheory•礼貌是一种语用现象pragmaticscalevi

4、ew语用等级观conversational-contractview会话契约观face-managementview面子维护观conversational-maximview会话准则观5Lakoff的礼貌三规则•规则一:不要强加于人•适用于交际双方权势和地位不均等的场合,如学生和老师,雇主和雇员之间•规则二:给对方留有余地和空间•适用于交际双方权力地位平等,但社会关系不密切的场合,如商人与顾客•规则三:增进相互之间的友情•适用于好友、恋人之间6II.Leech’sPolitenessPrinciple英国语言学家利奇(L

5、eech,1983)将语用原则分为“人际修辞”(interpersonalrhetoric)和“篇章修辞”(textualrhetoric)两大类,他的“修辞”指的是交际中有效的运用语言,它由交际双方所遵循的原则和准则组成,准则是原则所包含的较具体的范畴。而礼貌原则则属于人际修辞的范畴。PolitenessprincipleisanecessarycomplementthatmayrescuetheCPfromserioustroubleintheorizing.71.Leech’sapproachtopolitenes

6、s•LeechformulatesthePPinbothpositiveandnegativeforms:•(a)maximizetheexpressionofpolitebeliefs;•(b)minimizetheexpressionofimpolitebeliefs.8Leech礼貌原则的六个次准则1得体准则tactmaxim利益分配2慷慨准则Generositymaxim3赞誉准则approbationmaxim评价4谦虚准则modestymaxim5一致准则agreementmaxim对待他人的态度6同情准则s

7、ympathymaxim9Tactmaxim(得体准则,策略准则)减少表达有损于他人的观点(indirectivesandcommissives)(a)Minimizethecosttoothers;使他人受损最小(b)Maximizethebenefittoothers;使他人受惠最大Examples:•Woulditbepossibleforyoutolendmeyourcar?•Couldyoulendmeyourcar?•Willyoulendmeyourcar?•Lendmeyourcar.•Youmustle

8、ndmeyourcar.10Generositymaxim(宽宏准则，慷慨准则)减少表达利己的观点(indirectivesandcommissives)(a)Minimizethebenefittoself;尽量让自己少收益(b)Maximizethecosttoself;尽量让自己多吃亏Examples:—You