经济学原理·萨缪尔森--中山大学岭南学院ch6.ppt

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1、CH6ProductionandBusinessOrganizationA.TheoryofProductionandMarginalProductProductProductFunctionTotalProductAverageProductMarginalProductMarginalProductIsDerivedfromTotalProductDiminishingReturnsinCornProductionLawofDiminishingReturnsWewillgetlessandlessextraoutputwhenweaddadditionaldosesofaninput

2、whileholdingotherinputsfixed.Themarginalproductofeachunitofinputwilldeclineastheamountofthatinputincreases,holdingallotherinputsconstant.ReturntoScaleConstantReturntoScale:Achangeinallinputsleadstoaproportionalchangeinoutput.ReturntoScaleIncreasingReturntoScale:Anincreaseinallinputsleadstoamore-tha

3、n-proportionalinthelevelofoutput.ReturntoScaleDecreasingReturntoScale:Anincreaseofallinputsleadstoaless-than-proportionalincreaseinoutput.ShortRunandLongRunShortRun:aperiodinwhichfirmscanadjustproductionbychangingvariablefactorssuchasmaterialsandlaborbutcannotchangefixedfactorssuchascapital.Variabl

4、eFactorsFixedFactorsLongRun:aperiodsufficientlylongsothatallfactorsincludingcapitalcanbeadjusted.TechnologicalChangeImprovementsintheprocessesforproducinggoodsandservices,changesinoldproducts,orintroductionofnewproducts.ProcessinnovationproductinnovationTechnologicalChangeShiftsProductionFunctionUp

5、wardValueofNetworkingIncreasesasMembershipRisesProductivityandTheAggregateProductionFunctionProductivity:theratiooftotaloutputtoaweightedaverageofinputs.LaborProductivityCapitalProductivityTotalProductivityB.BusinessOrganizationsTheNatureoftheFirmExploiteconomiesofmassproductionRaisefundsorganizeth

6、eproductionprocessTheFormofFirmtheIndividualProprietorshipthePartnershiptheCorporation