经济学原理·萨缪尔森--中山大学岭南学院ch5

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1、CH.5DemandandconsumerbehaviorChoiceandutilitytheoryFundamentalpremise:peopletendtochoosethosegoodsandservicestheyvaluemosthighly.Preference偏好Property:complete(完全的)transitive(可传递的)moreisbetter(多比少好)SomeconceptsUtility（效用）Utilityfunction（效用函数）Marginalu

2、tility（边际效用）TheLawofDiminishingMarginalUtilitythelawofdiminishingmarginalutilityMarginalutilitydeclinesasapersonconsumesmoreandmoreofagood.Ordinalutility(序数效用)Thepreferencerankingofbundlesofcommodities.Equimarginalprinciple均衡原则Marginalutilityofincom

3、eTheadditionalutilitythatwouldbegainediftheconsumercouldenjoyanextradollar’sworthofconsumption.WhydemandcurveslopedownwardLeisureandtheoptimalallocationoftimeTheindifferencecurve(无差异曲线)thesetofconsumptionbundlesamongwhichtheconsumerisindifferent,alla

4、reequallydesirableIndifferenceCurvesforaPairofGoodsConvextotheorigin(凸向原点)Thelawofsubstitution(替代规律)：thescarceragood,thegreateritsrelativesubstitutionvalue;itsmarginalutilityrisesrelativetothemarginalutilityofthegoodthathasbecomeplentiful.Substitutio

5、nratio(marginalsubstitutionratio)TheindifferencemapBudgetlineorbudgetconstraint（预算线或预算约束）giventhepricesofgoods,allthepossiblecombinationsofthetwogoodsthatwouldexhausttheconsumer’sincometheslopeofbudgetlineIncomeConstrainsConsumerSpendingConsumer’sMos

6、tPreferredandFeasibleConsumptionBundleIsAttainedatBTheequilibriumpositionoftangencyThechangesinincomeandprice(收入与价格的变化)Incomechange:Singlepricechange:EffectofIncomeChangeonEquilibriumEffectofPriceChangeonEquilibriumDerivingdemandcurve推导需求曲线Offercurve

7、(提供曲线或价格消费曲线）Analternativeapproach:Substitutioneffect(替代效应):whenthepriceofagoodrises,consumerswilltendtosubstituteothergoodsforthemoreexpensivegood.Incomeeffect(收入效应):theimpactofapricechangeonagood’squantitydemandedthatresultsfromtheeffectofthepricec

8、hangeonconsumers’realincomes.Incomeelasticity:thepercentagechangeinquantitydemanded/thepercentagechangeinincome,holdingotherthings.Fromindividualtomarketdemand:summingupthequantitiesdemandedbyalltheconsumersMarketDemandDerivedfromIndividualDemandsDem