经济学原理·萨缪尔森--中山大学岭南学院ch4.ppt

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1、PartTwoMicroeconomics:Supply,DemandandProductMarketCh4.Applicationsofsupplyanddemand需求与供给的应用A.Elasticityofdemandandsupply需求与供给弹性Priceelasticityofdemand需求的价格弹性：(priceelasticity):measuringhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodchangeswhenitspricechanges.ED=(percenta

2、gechangeinquantitydemanded)/percentagechangeinprice.ElasticDemandShowsLargeQuantityResponsetoPriceChangeCategoriesofpriceelasticity:价格弹性的分类：price-elasticdemand:ED>1price-inelasticdemand:ED<1unit-elasticdemand:ED=1PriceElasticityofDemandFallsintoThreeCategori

3、esFormulaforelasticity:Specialcase:Lineardemandcurve:Lineardemandcurve:elasticityishighattop,lowatbottom,exactly1inthemiddle.PerfectlyElasticandInelasticDemandsASimpleRuleforCalculatingtheDemandElasticityTotalRevenue(TR)=PQWhenED<1,PPQWhenED>1,PPQW

4、henED=1,PPQconstantPriceelasticityofSupply供给的价格弹性：ES=(percentagechangeinquantitysupplied)/percentagechangeinprice.SupplyElasticityDependsuponProducerResponsetoPriceB.ApplicationstoMajorEconomicIssuesPricesofBasicFarmProductsHaveDeclinedSharplyAgricultura

5、lDistressResultsfromExpandingSupplyandPrice-InelasticDemandTheeconomicofagriculture:Pricesupport（价格支持）TariffsandQuotas（关税与配额）nottoProduceCroprestrictionCrop-RestrictionProgramRaisebothPriceandFarmIncomeImpactofataxonpriceandquantity:Theincidenceofatax:consum

6、ersandproducers.Therelationshipoftaxandelasticity:GasolineTaxFallsonBothConsumerandProducerImpactofaSubsidiesonpriceandquantity补贴对价格与数量的影响Minimumfloorsandmaximumceilings:最高限价与最低限价Minimumwage:unemploymentEnergypricecontrols:shortageTheMinimumWageandTeenageUn

7、employment,1947-2002EffectsofaMinimumWagePriceControlsProduceShortages