英语 语言学 名词解释.doc

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1、名词解释1.Language:languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.Designfeaturesoflanguage(语言的区别性特征) :i.Arbitrariness: theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning=languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetwe

2、enaword(e.g.pen)andtheobjectitrefersto. ii.Duality: thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.Bydualitywemeanthatlanguagesystemhastwosetsofstructures,oneof sounds andtheotherofmeanings.指拥有两层结构的这种特性

3、，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分。指语言是声音和意义双重结构组成的系统。  举例：Sounds>syllables>words>phrases>clauses>sentences>texts/discourses iii.Productivity： Languagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsbecauseofitsduality.语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understandandcreateunlimitednumberwithsentences） iv.Displ

4、acement：Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication. v.Culturaltransmission:languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct.3.Linguisticsisthe scientific studyof language. Iti

5、sascientificstudybecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.4.Psycholinguistics:Itisthestudyofhowlanguageisacquired,understoodandproduced. 5.Langue:F.deSaussure.Languereferstotheabstractli

6、nguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.语言指语言系统的整体，这个整体相对是比较稳定的。（abstract）6.Parole:therealizationoflangueinactualuse.言语则指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语。（concrete）7.Competence:Chomsky.Competenceistheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.8.Performance:Perfo

7、rmanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.9.Phoneme(音位）：Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisthesmallestunitofsoundinalanguage,ofdistinctivevalue,abstract.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainconte

8、xt.10.Allophones(音位变体）：Thenon-distinctivesoundsaremembersofthesamephoneme. Forexample,inEnglish,whenthephoneme/p/occursatthebeginni