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1、Duality:thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels;meaningfulunits(e.g.words)andmeaninglesssegments(e.g.sounds,letters).Creativity:Itreferstotheabilitytoconstructandunderstandanindefinitelylargenumberofsentencesinone’snativelanguage,includingthose
2、thathasneverheardbefore,butthatareappropriatetothespeakingsituation.Consonant:amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedbyaclosureinvocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.Vowel:amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,produc
3、edwithoutobstructionofthevocaltractsothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthorthenose.Distinctivefeatures:ameansofworkingoutasetofphonologicalcontrastsoroppositionstocaptureparticularaspectsoflanguagesounds,firstsuggestedbyRomanJacobsoninthe1940s
4、andthendevelopedbynumerousotherpeople.Minimalpair:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforoneshouldsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Morphology:thestudyofword-formation,ortheinternalstructu
5、reofwords,ortherulesbywhichwordsareformedfrom.Compound:referstothewordsthatconsistofmorethanonelexicalmorphemeorthewaytojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform,suchasclassroom,mailbox,fingerprint,sunburn.Intermsofthewordclassofcompounds,thereareNouncompounds(e
6、.g.daybreak),Verbcompounds(e.g.brainwash),Adjectivecompounds(e.g.dutyfree)andPrepositioncompounds(e.g.throughout).Meanwhilecompoundscanbefurtherdividedintoendocentriccompoundandexocentriccompoundintermsofitsstructuralorganization.Theheadofanominaloradjectivalen
7、docentriccompoundisderivedfromaVerb,anditisusuallythecasethatthefirstmemberisaparticipantoftheprocessverb.Considerthefollowingtwoexamples:self-controlandvirus-sensitive.TheexocentricnominalcompoundsareformedbyV+N,V+A,andV+P,whereastheexocentricadjectivescomefro
8、mV+NandV+A.Herearesomeexamples:NounsAdjectivesscarecrowtakehomeplayboylacklustercutthroatbreakneckICAnalysis:thetechniqueofbreakingupsentencesintosmallerunitsbymakingsuccess
