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1、.Keytochapter11.Whatisaword?1.Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.2.Inwhatwayarewordsrelatedtovocabulary?Vocabularyreferstothesumtotalofallthewordsinalanguage.Inotherwords,vocabularyiscomposedofwordsandwordsmakeupvoc
2、abulary.Ifwecomparevocabularytoafamily,wordsarefamilymembers.3.Illustratetherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningwithexamples.Soundisthephysicalaspectofawordandmeaningiswhatthesoundrefersto.Soundandmeaningarenotintrinsicallyrelatedandtheircollectionisarbitraryandc
3、onventional.Forexample,tree/tri:/means树inEnglishbecausetheEnglish-speakingpeoplehaveagreedtodosojustasChinesepeopleuse/shù/(树)torefertothesamething.Thisexplainswhypeopleofdifferentlanguagesusedifferentsoundstoexpressthesameconcept.However,inthesamelanguages,the
4、samesoundcandenotedifferentmeanings,e.g./rait/canmeanright,rite,andwrite.4.EnumeratethecausesforthedifferencesbetweensoundandformofenglishwordsTherearegenerallyfourmajorcausesofthedifferencesbetweensoundandform.⑴TherearemorephonemesthanlettersinEnglish,sotherei
5、snowaytouseonelettertorepresentonephoneme.⑵Thestabilizationofspellingbyprinting,whichbreaksthesynchronizedchangeofsoundandspelling.⑶Influenceoftheworkofscribes,whodeliberatelychangedthespellingofwordsand⑷borrowing,whichintroducesmanywordswhichareagainstEnglishr
6、ulesofpronunciationandspelling.5.GiveexamplestoshowtheinfluenceofearlyscribesonenglishspellingEarlyscribeschangedthespellingofmanywordswhilecopyingthingsforothersbecausetheoriginalspellingformsincursivewritingweredifficultforpeopletorecognize,suchassum,cum,wuma
7、n,munkandsoon.Later,theletteruwithverticallineswasreplacedwitho,resultinginthecurrentspellingformslikesome,come,woman,monk.Thechangedspellingformsaremoredistinguishabletoreaders.6.WhatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstockWordsofthebasicwordstockformthecommoncor
8、eoftheEnglishlanguage.Theyarethewordsessentialtonativespeakers’dailycommunication.Suchwordsarecharacterizedbyallnationalcharacter,stability,polysemy,productivityandcollocabi
