【文档】John Snow and the Broad Street Cholera Outbreak of 1854 Unit 1 （英语人教必修五）

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1、JohnSnowandtheBroadStreetCholeraOutbreakof1854CholerareachedtheBritishIslesintheearly1830s,andoutbreakswouldcontinueforthenextfiftyyears.Today,itiswellknownthatcholeraiscausedbythebacteriaVibriacholeraeandisusuallyspreadinpoordrinkingwater.Earlytheoriesblamedtheinfectiononmistsand'miasmas',wh

2、ichledtomanyoftheearlyattemptstocontrolcholerafailing.Inrealitythepoorsanitaryconditionsofacity'swatersupplywasresponsible.EarlyVictoriancitiesalsoincludedcowshedsmixedinamongstthehouses.Thesecombinedwithpoorhandlingofhumansewage(oftenmerelyaholeintheground)ledtoarapidcontaminationofthedrinki

3、ngwater.Indeed,thefamousBroadStreetwaterpump(seebelow)wasashallowwaterpumpthatpumpedwaterfromthecontaminatedwatertable.Inthe1850s,JohnSnowperformedpioneeringdataanalysistoprovehishypothesisthatcholerawasspreadinthedrinkingwater.Thisanalysisifperformedtoday,wouldcomeundertherealmsofGIS(Geograp

4、hicInformationSystems)andDataMining.SomehaveclaimedhisBroadStreetmapasbeingthefirstexampleofGIS,eventhoughitwasperformedwithapenandpaper.Althoughthisisanexaggeration,theBroadStreetmapitisanexcellentexampleofthepowerofmapstoclearlydemonstraterelationshipsincomplexscenarios.Snow'sworkwiththeLon

5、doncholeraoutbreaksofthe1850s,isoftencitedasthebeginningofmodernepidemiology.Unfortunatelywordofthispioneeringepidemiologywasslowtospread,andtheLondoncholeraoutbreakswouldcontinueintothe1880swhenalloftheshallowwater-pumpswerefinallydecommissioned.ThispagelooksatSnow'stwomostfamousanalysiscase

6、sthathelpedtoprovehishypothesisthatcholerainfectionsoccurredthroughdrinkingwater.TheBroadStreetOutbreak,1854ThisisthemostfamouspieceofdataanalysisperformedbyJohnSnow,andhispromptactionundoubtedlysavedmanylives.TheoutbreakoccurredintheSohoDistrictofLondon,inandaroundBroadStreet.JohnSnowreasone

7、dthatifcholerawasspreadbyamistormiasma,astheprevailingtheoriessuggested,thenthecasesshouldbeuniformlydistributedalongthestreets.Toseeifthiswasthecase,heplottedeachcholeracaseonamap,similartotheoneontheleft.Healsoplottedhouseswithmultiplecases