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1、JohnSnow(physician)Dr.JohnSnowBorn15March1813York,EnglandDied16June1858CitizenshipBritishFieldsepidemiologyKnown foranaesthesia,locatingsourceofacholeraoutbreak,thusestablishingthelinkbetweenthisinfectionandwaterasitsvectorJohnSnow(15March1813–16June1858)was
2、aBritishphysicianandaleaderintheadoptionofanaesthesiaandmedicalhygiene.Heisconsideredtobeoneofthefathersofepidemiology,becauseofhisworkintracingthesourceofacholeraoutbreakinSoho,England,in1854.EarlylifeandeducationSnowwasborn15March1813inYork,England.Hewasth
3、efirstofninechildrenborntoWilliamandFrancesSnowintheirNorthStreethome.HisneighbourhoodwasoneofthepoorestinthecityandwasalwaysindangeroffloodingbecauseofitsproximitytotheRiverOuse.Hisfatherworkedinthelocalcoalyards,whichwereconstantlyreplenishedfromtheYorkshi
4、recoalfieldsviabargesontheOuse.SnowwasbaptisedAnglicanatthechurchofAllSaints,NorthStreet.AllSaints,NorthStreet.SnowstudiedinYorkuntiltheageof14,whenhewasapprenticedtoWilliamHardcastle,asurgeoninNewcastle-upon-TyneandphysiciantoGeorgeStephensonandfamily.Willi
5、amHardcastlewasafriendofSnow'suncle,CharlesEmpson,whowasbothawitnesstoHardcastle'smarriageandexecutorofhiswill.CharlesEmpsomalsowenttoschoolwithRobertStephensonanditwasprobablythroughtheseconnectionsthatSnowacquiredhisapprenticeshipsofarfromhishometownofYork
6、.Snowlaterworkedasacollierysurgeon.Between1833and1836hewasanassistantinpractice,firstinBurnopfield,Durham,andtheninPateleyBridge,NorthYorkshire.InOctober1836heenrolledasastudentattheHunterianschoolofmedicineinGreatWindmillStreet,London.Ayearlater,hebeganwork
7、ingattheWestminsterHospitalandwasadmittedamemberoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsofEnglandon2May1838.HegraduatedfromtheUniversityofLondoninDecember1844,andwasadmittedtotheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansin1850.AnaesthesiaSnowwasoneofthefirstphysicianstostudyandcalculatedo
8、sagesfortheuseofetherandalsochloroformassurgicalanaesthesia.HepersonallyadministeredchloroformtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirthtothelasttwoofherninechildren,Leopoldin1853andBeatricein1857.[1]Thisl