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1、CholeraScanningElectronMicroscopeimageofVibriocholeraeICD-10A00.,ICD-9001DiseasesDB29089MedlinePlus000303eMedicinemed/351 MeSHD002771DistributionofcholeraCholera,sometimesknownasAsiaticorepidemiccholera,isaninfectiousgastroenteritiscausedbyenterotoxin-producingstrainsofthebacteriumVibrio
2、cholerae.[1][2]Transmissiontohumansoccursthrougheatingfoodordrinkingwatercontaminatedwithcholeravibriosfromothercholerapatients.Themajorreservoirforcholerawaslongassumedtobehumansthemselves,butconsiderableevidenceexiststhataquaticenvironmentscanserveasreservoirsofthebacteria.Vibriocholer
3、aeisaGram-negativebacteriumthatproducescholeratoxin,anenterotoxin,whoseactiononthemucosalepitheliumliningofthesmallintestineisresponsibleforthedisease'sinfamouscharacteristic,exhaustivediarrhea.[1]Initsmostsevereforms,choleraisoneofthemostrapidlyfatalillnessesknown,andahealthyperson'sblo
4、odpressuremaydroptohypotensivelevelswithinanhouroftheonsetofsymptoms;infectedpatientsmaydiewithinthreehoursifmedicaltreatmentisnotprovided.[1]Inacommonscenario,thediseaseprogressesfromthefirstliquidstooltoshockin4to12hours,withdeathfollowingin18hourstoseveraldays,unlessoralrehydrationthe
5、rapyisprovided.[3][4]TreatmentHandbillfromtheNewYorkCityBoardofHealth,1832.Theoutdatedpublichealthadvicedemonstratesthelackofunderstandingofthediseaseanditsactualcausativefactors.Cholerapatientbeingtreatedbymedicalstaffin1992Inmostcasescholeracanbesuccessfullytreatedwithoralrehydrationth
6、erapy.Promptreplacementofwaterandelectrolytesistheprincipaltreatmentforcholera,asdehydrationandelectrolytedepletionoccurrapidly.OralrehydrationtherapyorORTishighlyeffective,safe,andsimpletoadminister.InsituationswherecommerciallyproducedORTsachetsaretooexpensiveordifficulttoobtain,altern
7、ativehomemadesolutionsusingvariousformulasofwater,sugar,tablesalt,bakingsoda,andfruitofferlessexpensivemethodsofelectrolyterepletion.Inseverecholeracaseswithsignificantdehydration,theadministrationofintravenousrehydrationsolutionsmaybenecessary.Antibioticsshortenthecourse
