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1、CholerareachedtheBritishIslesintheearly1830s,andoutbreakswouldcontinueforthenextfiftyyears.Today,itiswellknownthatcholeraiscausedbythebacteriaVibriacholeraeandisusuallyspreadinpoordrinkingwater.Earlytheoriesblamedtheinfectiononmistsand'miasmas',whichledtom
2、anyoftheearlyattemptstocontrolcholerafailing.Inrealitythepoorsanitaryconditionsofacity'swatersupplywasresponsible.EarlyVictoriancitiesalsoincludedcowshedsmixedinamongstthehouses.Thesecombinedwithpoorhandlingofhumansewage(oftenmerelyaholeintheground)ledtoar
3、apidcontaminationofthedrinkingwater.Indeed,thefamousBroadStreetwaterpump(seebelow)wasashallowwaterpumpthatpumpedwaterfromthecontaminatedwatertable.Inthe1850s,JohnSnowperformedpioneeringdataanalysistoprovehishypothesisthatcholerawasspreadinthedrinkingwater.
4、Thisanalysisifperformedtoday,wouldcomeundertherealmsofGIS(GeographicInformationSystems)andDataMining.SomehaveclaimedhisBroadStreetmapasbeingthefirstexampleofGIS,eventhoughitwasperformedwithapenandpaper.Althoughthisisanexaggeration,theBroadStreetmapitisanex
5、cellentexampleofthepowerofmapstoclearlydemonstraterelationshipsincomplexscenarios.Snow'sworkwiththeLondoncholeraoutbreaksofthe1850s,isoftencitedasthebeginningofmodernepidemiology.Unfortunatelywordofthispioneeringepidemiologywasslowtospread,andtheLondonchol
6、eraoutbreakswouldcontinueintothe1880swhenalloftheshallowwater-pumpswerefinallydecommissioned.ThispagelooksatSnow'stwomostfamousanalysiscasesthathelpedtoprovehishypothesisthatcholerainfectionsoccurredthroughdrinkingwater.TheBroadStreetOutbreak,1854Thisisthe
7、mostfamouspieceofdataanalysisperformedbyJohnSnow,andhispromptactionundoubtedlysavedmanylives.TheoutbreakoccurredintheSohoDistrictofLondon,inandaroundBroadStreet.JohnSnowreasonedthatifcholerawasspreadbyamistormiasma,astheprevailingtheoriessuggested,thenthec
8、asesshouldbeuniformlydistributedalongthestreets.Toseeifthiswasthecase,heplottedeachcholeracaseonamap,similartotheoneontheleft.Healsoplottedhouseswithmultiplecases,whichthemodernmapontheleftdoesnotshow.[来源:学科网
